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Cited by 90Memory Processes and InfluencesNeurobiology of Language and BilingualismCognitive Functions and Memory

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Retrieval volition and memorial awareness in stem completion: An empirical analysis

Richardson-Klavehn, Alan, Gardiner, John M.·1995·Psychological Research
DOI 10.1007/bf00431278
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Abstract

Facilitation in an incidental test of stem completion shows little influence of depth of processing at study, whereas facilitation in an opposition test (in which subjects give the first word coming to mind, but omit studied words) occurs following graphemic processing, but not following semantic processing. We argue that completions come to mind involuntarily in both tests. Involuntary conscious memory causes studied words to be omitted in an opposition test, but not in an incidental test, so that the difference in priming between tests is a measure of involuntary conscious memory. We obtained data consistent with this hypothesis by making overt the mental activities that occur covertly in an opposition test: (1) an on-line recognition measure in an incidental test showed a strong advantage of semantic over graphemic processing, even though depth of processing exerted little influence on priming; (2) conditionalizing on recognition failure resulted in accurate estimates of opposition performance; and (3) stems were completed much more rapidly in incidental and opposition tests than in an intentional test, in which voluntary retrieval was engaged. The data provide further evidence that retrieval volition (voluntary vs. involuntary) is dissociable from memorial state of awareness (conscious vs. unconscious). We contrast our approach with the process-dissociation approach, which confounds conscious awareness of the past with voluntary retrieval, overlooking involuntary consciou…

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Research works printed but not linked: 22

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Metadata

Authors
Richardson-Klavehn, A., & Gardiner, J. M.
Affiliations
City, University of London (GB)
Venue
Psychological Research
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
1995-04
Volume
57
Issue
3-4
Pages
166-178
ISSN
  • 0033-3026 (ISSN-L)
  • 0340-0727
  • 1430-2772
DOI
10.1007/bf00431278
OpenAlex
W2032438768
Cited by
90
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 2 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 2
FWCI
3.40
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations
  • Psychological Research (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
Keywords
stem completion, incidental learning, semantic processing, levels of processing, priming, recognition failure, process dissociation
MeSH terms
Adult, Awareness, Female, Humans, Male, Paired-Associate Learning, Phonetics, Mental Recall, Retention, Psychology, Semantics, Verbal Learning

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Retrieval volition and memorial awareness in stem completion: An empirical analysis. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1007/bf00431278
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Richardson-Klavehn, A., & Gardiner, J. M. (1995). Retrieval volition and memorial awareness in stem completion: An empirical analysis. Psychological Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00431278