Energiewanderung und Fluoreszenz

Forster, Th.·1946·Die Naturwissenschaften

Cited by (1,000)

Items 401–500 of 1,000

  1. Signal control by self-assembly of fluorophores in a molecular beacon—a model study
    Sarah M. Biner, Dominic Kummer, Vladimir L. Malinovskii, Robert Häner · 2011 · Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry
  2. Exploring the influence of silver nanoparticles on the mechanism of fluorescence quenching of coumarin dye using FRET
    Varsha V. Koppal, P.G. Patil, Raveendra M. Melavanki, Raviraj A. Kusanur, Ushie Onumashi Afi, Ninganagouda R. Patil · 2019 · Journal of Molecular Liquids
  3. Over the rainbow: A practical guide for fluorescent protein selection in plant FRET experiments
    Grégoire Denay, Patrick Blümke, Sebastian Hänsch, Stefanie Weidtkamp‐Peters, Rüdiger GW Simon · 2019 · Plant Direct
  4. Spectroscopic characterization of photosystem I at the single-molecule level
    Marc Brecht · 2009 · Molecular Physics
  5. Basics of Fluorescence and FRET
    Zygmunt K. Gryczynski, Ignacy Gryczyński, Joseph R. Lakowicz · 2005 · Elsevier eBooks
  6. Effects of Ligand Geometry on the Photophysical Properties of Photoluminescent Eu(III) and Sm(III) 1-Hydroxypyridin-2-one Complexes in Aqueous Solution
    Lena Josefine Daumann, David S. Tatum, Christopher M. Andolina, Joseph I. Pacold, Anthony D’Aléo, Ga‐Lai Law, Jide Xu, Kenneth N. Raymond · 2015 · Inorganic Chemistry
  7. The Toolbox to Study Protein–Protein Interactions in Plants
    Edwin R. Lampugnani, René H. Wink, Staffan Persson, Marc Somssich · 2018 · Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences
  8. Effect of clay minerals on the visible spectra of thiazine dyes
    C. B. Sunwar, Himangshu Bose · 1990 · Journal of Colloid and Interface Science
  9. FluorescentJ-type Aggregates and Thermotropic Columnar Mesophases of Perylene Bisimide Dyes
    Frank Würthner, Christoph Thalacker, Siegmar Diele, Carsten Tschierske · 2001 · Chemistry - A European Journal
  10. Interactions Between Photosystems
    Neil R. Baker, Andrew N. Webber · 1987 · Advances in botanical research
  11. ENERGY TRANSFER IN FILMS OF POLYMERS WITH AROMATIC SIDE‐GROUPS
    Walter Klöpffer · 1981 · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
  12. Einfluß von Lösungsmittel und Konzentration auf die Spektren von Triphenylmethanfarbstoffen
    Franz Feichtmayr, J. Schlag · 1964 · Berichte der Bunsengesellschaft für physikalische Chemie
  13. �ber Romanowsky-Farbstoffe und den Romanowsky-Giemsa-Effekt
    E. Zipfel, J. -R. Grezes, Walter Seiffert, Herbert W. Zimmermann · 1981 · Histochemistry and Cell Biology
  14. Wechselseitige Bindung und Energieübertragung in Molekeln in flüssiger Phase
    G. Scheibe · 1948 · Zeitschrift für Elektrochemie und angewandte physikalische Chemie
  15. Untersuchungen über wirkungsmechanismen von lichtschutzmitteln. 1. mitteilung
    B. FELDER, Rolf Schumacher · 1973 · Die Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie
  16. Electrically tuned Förster resonances in collisions of NH3 with Rydberg He atoms
    Valentina Zhelyazkova, S. D. Hogan · 2017 · Physical Review A
  17. Control of Excitation Energy Transfer in Condensed Phase Molecular Systems by Floquet Engineering
    Nguyen Thanh Phuc, Akihito Ishizaki · 2018 · The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters
  18. Breaking the 1,2-HOPO barrier with a cyclen backbone for more efficient sensitization of Eu( iii ) luminescence and unprecedented two-photon excitation properties
    Lixiong Dai, Wai‐Sum Lo, Yanjuan Gu, Qingwu Xiong, Ka‐Leung Wong, Wai‐Ming Kwok, Wing‐Tak Wong, Ga‐Lai Law · 2019 · Chemical Science
  19. A study based on records taken at time of hoof trimming reveals a strong association between the IQ motif-containing GTPase-activating protein 1 (IQGAP1) gene and sole hemorrhage in Holstein cattle
    Hermann H. Swalve, Claudia Floren, Monika Wensch-Dorendorf, K. Schöpke, R. Pijl, Klaus Wimmers, Bertram Brenig · 2013 · Journal of Dairy Science
  20. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer: Evaluation of the intracellular stability of polyplexes
    Miriam Breunig, Uta Lungwitz, Renate Liebl, Achim M. Göpferich · 2006 · European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics
  21. Water-soluble, membrane-permeable organic fluorescent nanoparticles with large tunability in emission wavelengths and Stokes shifts
    Yuzhe Chen, Peng‐Zhong Chen, Hui‐Qing Peng, Yan Zhao, Huiying Ding, Li‐Zhu Wu, Chen‐Ho Tung, Qing‐Zheng Yang · 2013 · Chemical Communications
  22. Long-Range Nonradiative Transfer of Electronic Excitation Energy
    Izchak Z. Steinberg, E. Haas, Ephraim Katchalski‐Katzir · 1983 · Springer eBooks
  23. Reduction of cobalticytochrome c by dithionite.
    J. C. W. Chien, L. Charles Dickinson · 1978 · Journal of Biological Chemistry
  24. Unveiling the photophysical mechanistic mysteries of tetrazine-functionalized fluorogenic labels
    Tianruo Shen, Xiaogang Liu · 2025 · Chemical Science
  25. Advances in chiral luminescent liquid crystals (CLLCs): from molecular design to applications
    Parthasarathy Gayathri, Sheng‐Qi Qiu, Zhen‐Qiang Yu · 2025 · Materials Horizons
  26. Tuning the Förster overlap integral: energy transfer over 20 Ångstroms from a pyrene-based donor to borondipyrromethene (Bodipy)
    Dan Bai, Andrew C. Benniston, J. P. Hagon, Helge J. Lemmetyinen, Nikolai V. Tkachenko, Ross W. Harrington · 2013 · Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics
  27. Ultrafast Long-Distance Excitation Energy Transport in Donor–Bridge–Acceptor Systems
    Guillaume Duvanel, Jakob Grilj, Eric Vauthey · 2013 · The Journal of Physical Chemistry A
  28. Rapid Energy Transfer Enabling Control of Emission Polarization in Perylene Bisimide Donor–Acceptor Triads
    Christopher Menelaou, Jeroen ter Schiphorst, Amol M. Kendhale, Patrick Parkinson, Michael G. Debije, Albertus P. H. J. Schenning, Laura M. Herz · 2015 · The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters
  29. Raman and Fluorescence Enhancement Approaches in Graphene-Based Platforms for Optical Sensing and Imaging
    Sandra Cortijo-Campos, Rafael Ramírez, Alicia de Andrés · 2021 · Nanomaterials
  30. Gauging the Flexibility of Fluorescent Markers for the Interpretation of Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer
    Jan Junis Rindermann, Yosef Akhtman, James Richardson, Tom Brown, Pavlos G. Lagoudakis · 2010 · Journal of the American Chemical Society
  31. Fluorescence techniques in developmental biology
    Sapthaswaran Veerapathiran, Thorsten Wohland · 2018 · Journal of Biosciences
  32. Energy transfer and Förster’s dipole coupling approximation investigated in a real-time Kohn-Sham scheme
    D. Hofmann, Thomas Körzdörfer, Stephan Kümmel · 2010 · Physical Review A
  33. Absorptionsspektren und Fluoreszenzeigenschaften konzentrierter Lösungen organischer Farbstoffe
    Th. Förster, Eva König · 1957 · Zeitschrift für Elektrochemie Berichte der Bunsengesellschaft für physikalische Chemie
  34. Rotational energy transfer in collisions between orbitally non-degenerate open-shell systems
    Richard Newland Dixon, Dawn Field · 1979 · Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A Mathematical and Physical Sciences
  35. Electronically excited states in cylindrical molecular aggregates: Exciton delocalization, dynamics, and optical response
    Thomas L. C. Jansen, Lisa Maria Günther, Jasper Knoester, Jürgen R. Köhler · 2024 · Chemical Physics Reviews
  36. Fluorescence Technologies for Monitoring Interactions Between Biological Molecules In Vitro
    Sébastien Deshayes, Gilles Divita · 2012 · Progress in molecular biology and translational science
  37. Atomistic simulation studies of ionic cyanine dyes: self-assembly and aggregate formation in aqueous solution
    Gary Yu, Martin Walker, Mark Richard Wilson · 2021 · Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics
  38. Time-Resolved Fluorescence Anisotropy Imaging
    Klaus Suhling, James A. Levitt, Pei‐Hua Chung · 2013 · Methods in molecular biology
  39. Concentric FRET: a review of the emerging concept, theory, and applications
    Hsin-Yun Tsai, Hyungki Kim, Melissa Massey, Katherine D. Krause, W. Russ Algar · 2019 · Methods and Applications in Fluorescence
  40. Evidence for Dual Pathway in Through‐Space Singlet Energy Transfers in Flexible Cofacial Bisporphyrin Dyads
    Grégory Pognon, Jennifer A. Wytko, Pierre D. Harvey, Jean Weiss · 2008 · Chemistry - A European Journal
  41. The polarity of solutions of electrolytes
    Heinz Langhals · 1987 · Tetrahedron
  42. The Effect of Pressure on the Association of Dye Molecules in an Aqueous Solution
    Keizô Suzuki, Masao Tsuchiya · 1971 · Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan
  43. Very Long‐Range (Retardation Effect) Intermolecular Forces
    Edwin Albert Power · 1967 · Advances in chemical physics
  44. The dispersive interaction of non-polar solutes with non-polar solvents: Solvent effects on electronic spectra of carotenoids
    Franz Feichtmayr, E. Heilbronner, Axel Nürrenbach, HORST POMMER, J. Schlag · 1969 · Tetrahedron
  45. A change in membrane microviscosity of mouse neuroblastoma cells in association with morphological differentiation
    Yukishige Kawasaki, Noboyuki Wakayama, Tatsuro Koike, Masao Kawai, Takehiko Amano · 1978 · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes
  46. Mechanical Signaling: Molecular Mechanisms, Biological Functions, Diseases, and Therapeutic Targets
    Yicen Long, Peng Wang, Jiacheng Lei, Baihai Su, Qiang Wei, Xiaojing Liu · 2025 · MedComm
  47. Pioneering Contributions of Jean and Francis Perrin to Molecular Luminescence
    Mário Nuno Berberan-Santos · 2001 · Springer series on fluorescence
  48. Carotenoids in Photosynthesis: An Historical Perspective
    Govind Jee · 2006 · Kluwer Academic Publishers eBooks
  49. Porphyrins for Imaging, Photodynamic Therapy, and Photothermal Therapy
    Tracy W. B. Liu, Elizabeth Huynh, Thomas D. MacDonald, Gang Zheng · 2014 · Elsevier eBooks
  50. Energy‐Transfer Properties of a [2.2]Paracyclophane‐Based Through‐Space Dimer
    Yasuhiro Morisaki, Naoya Kawakami, Tatsuya Nakano, Yoshiki Chujo · 2013 · Chemistry - A European Journal
  51. Tuning the emission colour by manipulating terbium-terbium interactions: Terbium doped aluminum nitride as an example system
    Felix Benz, H. P. Strunk, Jakob Schaab, Ulrike Künecke, Peter J. Wellmann · 2013 · Journal of Applied Physics
  52. FRET Microscopy in Yeast
    Michal Skružný, Emma Pohl, Marc Abella · 2019 · Biosensors
  53. Chapter 9 Use of Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) in Studying Protein‐induced DNA Bending
    Anatoly I. Dragan, Peter L. Privalov · 2008 · Methods in enzymology on CD-ROM/Methods in enzymology
  54. Monitoring receptor-mediated activation of heterotrimeric G-proteins by fluorescence resonance energy transfer
    Chris Janetopoulos, Peter N. Devreotes · 2002 · Methods
  55. Electroluminescence
    William W. Piper, Ferd E. Williams · 1958 · Solid state physics
  56. How the Concept of Solvent Polarity Investigated with Solvatochromic Probes Helps Studying Intermolecular Interactions
    Heinz Langhals · 2023 · Liquids
  57. Exploring Förster electronic energy transfer in a decoupled anthracenyl-based borondipyrromethene (bodipy) dyad
    Dan Bai, Andrew C. Benniston, J. P. Hagon, Helge J. Lemmetyinen, Nikolai V. Tkachenko, W. Clegg, Ross W. Harrington · 2012 · Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics
  58. Excitation energy transfer in artificial antennas: from photoactive materials to molecular assemblies
    Leire Gartzia‐Rivero, Jorge Bañuelos, Íñigo López‐Arbeloa · 2015 · International Reviews in Physical Chemistry
  59. Principles of Resonance Energy Transfer
    János Szöllõsi, Sándor Damjanovich, Péter Nagy, György Vereb, László Mátyus · 2006 · Current Protocols in Cytometry
  60. Detection of ligand-induced CNTF receptor dimers in living cells by fluorescence cross correlation spectroscopy
    Felix Neugart, Andrea Zappe, Deborah M. Buk, Inna Ziegler, Steffen Steinert, Monika Schumacher, Eva Schopf, Ralph Bessey, Kathrin Wurster, C. Tietz et al. · 2009 · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes
  61. A Two-Step Method for smFRET Data Analysis
    Jixin Chen, Joseph R. Pyle, Kurt Waldo E. Sy Piecco, Anatoly B. Kolomeisky, Christy F. Landes · 2016 · The Journal of Physical Chemistry B
  62. Zur Excimerfluoreszenz und -phosphoreszenz in Polyvinylcarbazol
    Walter Klöpffer, Herbert Bauser · 1976 · Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie
  63. Zur Komplexbindung von Farbstoffen mit Desoxyribonucleinsäuren
    G. Löber · 1969 · Zeitschrift für Chemie
  64. Chemical and Biochemical Sensors, 1. Fundamentals
    Nicolae Bârsan, G. Gauglitz, A. Oprea, Edwin Ostertag, Günther Proll, Karsten Rebner, Klaus Dieter Schierbaum, Frank E. Schleifenbaum, Udo Weimar · 2016 · Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
  65. Synthesis and characterization of porphyrin–DNA constructs for the self-assembly of modular energy transfer arrays
    Nathaniel T. Anderson, Peter H. Dinolfo, Xing Wang · 2018 · Journal of Materials Chemistry C
  66. Enlightening activation gating in P2X receptors
    Christian Sattler, Klaus Benndorf · 2022 · Purinergic Signalling
  67. Tunable Electronic Structure via DNA-Templated Heteroaggregates of Two Distinct Cyanine Dyes
    Jonathan S. Huff, Sebastián A. Dı́az, Matthew S. Barclay, Azhad U. Chowdhury, Matthew Chiriboga, Gregory A. Ellis, Divita Mathur, Lance K. Patten, Simon K. Roy, Aaron Sup et al. · 2022 · The Journal of Physical Chemistry C
  68. Förster resonance energy transfer involving the triplet state
    Bahadur Sk, Shuzo Hirata · 2023 · Chemical Communications
  69. Experimental Verification of the Kinetic Theory of FRET Using Optical Microspectroscopy and Obligate Oligomers
    Suparna Patowary, Luca F. Pisterzi, Gabriel Biener, Jessica D. Holz, Julie A. Oliver, James W. Wells, Valerică Raicu · 2015 · Biophysical Journal
  70. Exciplex Formation and Excited State Deactivation of Difluoroborondipyrromethene (Bodipy) Dyads
    Andrew C. Benniston, Graeme Copley, Helge J. Lemmetyinen, Nikolai V. Tkachenko · 2010 · ChemPhysChem
  71. Investigating signal transduction with genetically encoded fluorescent probes
    Tullio Pozzan, Marco Mongillo, Rüdiger Rudolf · 2003 · European Journal of Biochemistry
  72. Luminescence of a bacterial luciferase intermediate by reaction with H2O2: the evolutionary origin of luciferase and source of endogenous light emission
    Haruo Watanabe, Toshiyuki Nagoshi, Humio Inaba · 1993 · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics
  73. Synthesis, excitation energy transfer and singlet oxygen photogeneration of covalently linked N-confused porphyrin–porphyrin and Zn(II) porphyrin dyads
    Chun‐Ting Poon, Shunsheng Zhao, Wai‐Kwok Wong, Daniel W. J. Kwong · 2009 · Tetrahedron Letters
  74. Fluorescence quenching by singlet energy transfer. Role of dipole-dipole and exchange mechanisms
    George M. Breuer, E.K.C. Lee · 1972 · Chemical Physics Letters
  75. Photon Transport in Leaf Tissue: Applications in Plant Physiology
    Leonid Fukshansky · 1991 · Springer eBooks
  76. Recent Advances in Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) Biosensors for Exosomes
    Feng Huang, Zhenyu Xie, Qianjiao Zhang, Shah Zada, Ruhan Lin, Yanmei Deng, Qifeng Liu, Huizhi Chen, Hui Hua Zhou, Huilai Miao et al. · 2025 · Current Issues in Molecular Biology
  77. Higher-order Corrections to the Redfield Equation with Respect to the System-bath Coupling Based on the Hierarchical Equations of Motion
    Anton Sergeevich Trushechkin · 2019 · Lobachevskii Journal of Mathematics
  78. Combined effects of surface plasmon coupling and Förster resonance energy transfer on the light color conversion behaviors of colloidal quantum dots on an InGaN/GaN quantum-well nanodisk structure
    Yen‐Po Chen, Chia-Chun Ni, Ruei-Nan Wu, Sheng-Yang Kuo, Yu-Cheng Su, Yangyi Huang, Jiawei Chen, Yi-Chiao Hsu, Shung-Hsiang Wu, Chien‐Yu Chen et al. · 2020 · Nanotechnology
  79. Molecular Size Matters: Ultrafast Dye Singlet Sensitization Pathways to Bright Nanoparticle Emission
    Jing Liu, Pieter Geiregat, Luca Pilia, Rik Van Deun, Flavia Artizzu · 2021 · Advanced Optical Materials
  80. The Impact of Aggregation of Quaterthiophenes on the Excited State Dynamics
    Srijon Ghosh, Bikash Jana, Arnab Ghosh, Dirk Michael Guldi, Amitava Patra · 2021 · The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters
  81. Hierarchical mesoporous SnO2/BiVO4 photoanode decorated with Ag nanorods for efficient photoelectrochemical water splitting
    Ali Tavazohi, Hossein Abdizadeh, Mohammad Reza Golobostanfard · 2022 · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy
  82. Highly Site Specific, Protease Cleavable, Hydrophobic Peptide–Polymer Nanoparticles
    Matthias Maier, Niklas Kotman, Cornelius Friedrichs, Julien Andrieu, Manfred Wagner, Robert Graf, Wolfgang S. L. Strauß, Volker Mailänder, Clemens K. Weiss, Katharina Landfester · 2011 · Macromolecules
  83. The Scientific Work of Theodor Förster: A Brief Sketch of his Life and Personality
    Horst E. A. Kramer, Peter A. Fischer · 2010 · ChemPhysChem
  84. Localizing Protein–Protein Interactions in Living Cells Using Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy
    Yuansheng Sun, Ammasi Periasamy · 2014 · Methods in molecular biology
  85. Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging (FLIM): Basic Concepts and Recent Applications
    Klaus Suhling, Liisa M Hirvonen, James A. Levitt, Pei‐Hua Chung, Carolyn Tregido, Alix Le Marois, Dmitri A. Rusakov, Kaiyu Zheng, Simon Ameer‐Beg, Simon P. Poland et al. · 2015 · Springer series in chemical physics
  86. Preparation of bright-emissive hybrid materials based on light-harvesting POSS having radially integrated luminophores and commercial π-conjugated polymers
    Masayuki Gon, Keita Sato, Keigo Kato, Kazuo Tanaka, Yoshiki Chujo · 2019 · Materials Chemistry Frontiers
  87. Dual-Channel Single-Molecule Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer to Establish Distance Parameters for RNA Nanoparticles
    Dan Shu, Hui Zhang, Roman Petrenko, Jarek Meller, Peixuan Guo · 2010 · ACS Nano
  88. Fluorescent Protein–photoprotein Fusions and Their Applications in Calcium Imaging
    Adil Bakayan, Beatriz Domingo, Cecilia F. Vaquero, Nadine Peyriéras, Juan L. Llopis · 2016 · Photochemistry and Photobiology
  89. Fluoreszenzspektroskopische Untersuchungen an Polyacenaphthylen und Copolymeren aus Styrol und Acenaphthylen
    F. Schneider, Jürgen Springer · 1971 · Die Makromolekulare Chemie
  90. Lichtelektrische Untersuchung organischer Halbleiter in Vidicon‐Fernsehaufnahmeröhren
    Hans Meier, Wolfgang Albrecht · 1969 · Berichte der Bunsengesellschaft für physikalische Chemie
  91. Quo vadis FRET? Förster’s method in the era of superresolution
    Ágnes Szabó, Tímea Szendi-Szatmári, János Szöllõsi, Péter Nagy · 2020 · Methods and Applications in Fluorescence
  92. Energy transfer followed by electron transfer (ETET) endows a TPE-NBD dyad with enhanced environmental sensitivity
    Xia Wu, Dongyang Li, Jin Li, Weijie Chi, Xie Han, Chao Wang, Zhaochao Xu, Jun Yin, Xiaogang Liu · 2020 · Chinese Chemical Letters
  93. DNA–Liposome Hybrid Carriers for Triggered Cargo Release
    Kevin N. Baumann, Tim Schröder, Prashanth S. Ciryam, Diana Morzy, Philip Tinnefeld, Tuomas P. J. Knowles, Silvia Hernández‐Ainsa · 2022 · ACS Applied Bio Materials
  94. Genetically encoded dual fluorophore reporters for graded oxygen-sensing in light microscopy
    Nadine Bauer, Iván Maisuls, Abel Pereira da Graça, Dirk Reinhardt, Raghu Erapaneedi, Nils Kirschnick, Michael Andreas Schäfers, Carsten Grashoff, Katharina Landfester, Dietmar Vestweber et al. · 2022 · Biosensors and Bioelectronics
  95. The photophysics of selectively metallated arrays of quinoxaline-fused tetraarylporphyrins
    James Andell Hutchison, Paul J. Sintic, Maxwell J. Crossley, Toshihiko Nagamura, Kenneth P. Ghiggino · 2009 · Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics
  96. Shape-persistent poly-porphyrins assembled by a central truxene: synthesis, structure, and singlet energy transfer behaviors
    Haijun Xu, Bin Du, Claude P. Gros, Philippe Richard, Jean‐Michel Barbe, Pierre D. Harvey · 2012 · Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines
  97. The interaction between human serum albumin and antidiabetic agent – exenatide: determination of the mechanism binding and effect on the protein conformation by fluorescence and circular dichroism techniques - Part I
    Urszula Śliwińska-Hill, Katarzyna Wiglusz · 2019 · Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics
  98. Transporting and concentrating vibrational energy to promote isomerization
    Jascha A. Lau, Li Chen, Arnab Choudhury, Dirk Schwarzer, Varun Boehm Verma, Alec M. Wodtke · 2021 · Nature
  99. Flow Cytometric FRET Analysis of Protein Interaction
    György Vereb, Péter Nagy, János Szöllo ̋si · 2010 · Methods in molecular biology
  100. Water-Soluble Multifunctional Cross-Conjugated Poly(p-phenylenes) as Stimuli-Responsive Materials: Design, Synthesis, and Characterization
    Hairong Li, Suresh Valiyaveettil · 2007 · Macromolecules