The DOI matches its Crossref record.
The Bi-Factor Method
Abstract
The Bi-factor Method of factor analysis is described and illustrated with a small group of fourteen tests. A detailed illustration is given of how the method may be modified to the case of overlapping group factors. It is advocated that the Bi-factor pattern in unmodified form be used to determine the adequacy of tests for the measurement of unitary traits.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cited by
The Rediscovery of Bifactor Measurement Models
Reise, S. P. (2012) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171.2012.715555 · Cited by 2,112
“Although originally described over 70 years ago (Holzinger & Harman, 1938; Holzinger & Swineford, 1937), bifactor modeling has spent the last 50 years overshadowed by the numerous applications of Thurstone’s correlated-factors model.”
Scoring and Modeling Psychological Measures in the Presence of Multidimensionality
Reise, S. P., Bonifay, W. E., & Haviland, M. G. (2013) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2012.725437 · Cited by 1,069
A Comparison of Bifactor and Second-Order Models of Quality of Life
Chen, F. F., West, S., & Sousa, K. (2006) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr4102_5 · Cited by 955
Evolutionary Personality Psychology
Buss, D. M. (1991) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.42.020191.002331 · Cited by 930
Reise, S. P., Scheines, R., Widaman, K. F., & Haviland, M. G. (2013) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164412449831 · Cited by 766
Metadata
- Authors
- Holzinger, K. J., & Swineford, F.
- Venue
- Psychometrika
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 1937-03
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 41-54
- ISSN
- 0033-3123 (ISSN-L)
- 1860-0980
- OpenAlex
- W2016307448
- Cited by
- 756
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 1.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The Bi-Factor Method. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1007/bf02287965
- The paper
- Holzinger, K. J., & Swineford, F. (1937). The Bi-Factor Method. Psychometrika. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02287965
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
