Bone lamina thickness, bone apposition rates, and age estimates in sauropod humeri and femora

“…conducted by different groups (Rimblot-Baly, de Ricqlès & Zylbergberg, 1995; Curry, 1999; Sander, 1999, 2000; Erickson, Rogers & Yerby, 2001; Sander & Tückmantel, 2003; Sander et al., 2004, 2006, in press b Erickson, 2005; Klein & Sander, 2008; Lehman & Woodward, 2008; Woodward & Lehman,…”

“Finally, because tissue formation rates can reveal developmental rates [9,30] we used the growth series for Archaeopteryx to independently test the hypothesis that non-avialan dinosaurian growth rates were ancestral for birds.”

“…prime example of high growth rates Sauropod and sauropodomorph bone microstructure has been widely studied over the past decade (e.g. Sander, 2000; Sander & Tückmantel, 2003; Sander et al., 2004, 2006, 2011; Klein & Sander, 2008; Lehman & Woodward, 2008; Klein, Sander & Suteethorn, 2009;…”

“Some authors have tried to circumvent this problem by estimating tissue apposition rate in microns per day (Curry, 1999; Sander and Tückmantel, 2003).”

“Non-avian dinosaurs ranged from 3 to 24 µm/day (Sander and Tückmantel, 2003; Cooper et al., 2008).”

“First, in case an appropriate ontogenetic growth 157 series sampling is not available, it is possible to perform arithmetic estimates of the missing 158 intervals, applied first for dinosaurs (e.g. Sander & Tückmantel, 2003; Horner & Padian, 2004; 159 Erickson et al., 2004).”

“A study by Sander and Tückmantel [111] of bone growth lamina in specimens of Apatosaurus, Barosaurus, Brachiosaurus, Janenschia and an unidentified diplodocid found consistent lamina thickness across the range of ages studied, which similarly implies a linear trend in bone growth and thus a lack of skeletal maturity.”

“Comparison with other Morrison diplodocid genera Here, we compare SMA 0009 with other diplodocid genera, primarily from the Late Jurassic Morrison Formation of North America, such as Apatosaurus, Barosaurus, and Diplodocus.”

“9 mm/year (Sander and Tückmantel, 2003).”

“Regression analyses (ordinary least squares) for average and growth rates sensu Sander & Tückmantel [51] were performed using Past3.”

“Initial doubts about this growth curve and the resulting growth rates for Apatosaurus were raised by the description of an Apatosaurus specimen by Sander and Tückmantel [33] that preserved 26 growth cycles only in its outermost cortex.”

“This type of bone tissue suggests high rates of periosteal osteogenesis (Reid 1996; Sander and Tückmantel 2003; Chinsamy-Turan 2005 and references therein; de Ricqlès et al. 2008; Klein and Sander 2008). i Middle to outer regions of the cortex display an additional type of stratification into…”

“…which have offered significant information on several aspects of their life history, including growth rate, longevity and age at sexual maturity (Rimblot-Baly et al. 1995; Curry 1999; Sander 2000; Sander and Tückmantel 2003; Sander et al. 2006; Klein and Sander 2008; Lehman and Woodward 2008).”

“Studies dealing exclusively with sauropods have been made by Curry (1999), Sander (1999, 2000), Sander & Tückmantel (2003), Sander et al. (2004, 2006), and Klein & Sander (2008).”

“…authors have estimated the age of dinosaurs by calculating missing lines of arrested growth (LAGs) or estimating bone apposition rates (Curry 1999; Sander and Tückmantel 2003; Erickson et al. 2004; Horner and Padian 2004; Bybee et al. 2005; Klein and Sander 2007; Wings et al. 2007; Griebeler et…”

“…confirms that the high growth rates observed in Jurassic and Cretaceous dinosaurs (Curry, 1999; Sander, 1999, 2000; Erickson and Tumanova, 2000; Horner et al., 2000, 2001; Sander and Tückmantel, 2003; Sander et al., 2004; Erickson, 2005) were already present in dinosaurs during the Triassic.”

“, corresponding femur and humerus [Campione and Evans, 2012], or histologic markers - LAGs or polish lines [Sander and Tückmantel, 2003; Griebeler et al., 2013]).”

“The record of the first stages of Sander 2000; Sander and Tückmantel 2003; Sander et al. development in M. patagonicus allows several paleobio- 2006; Klein and Sander 2008; Woodward and Lehman 2009; logical assessments, including the changes in the bone Stein et al. 2010; Company 2011; Klein et…”

“…lines present and a retrocalculated number of resorbed juvenile growth rings based on Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/Acta-Palaeontologica-Polonica on 18 Mar 2020 Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use width between successive annuli (Amprino 1947; Sander and Tückmantel 2003).”

“…and phylogenetic history (e.g., Amprino, 1947; Castanet et al., 2000; de Margerie, 2002; de Margerie et al., 2002, 2004; Starck and Chinsamy, 2002; Sander and T€uckmantel, 2003; Castanet et al., 2004; Chinsamy-Turan, 2005; de Boef and Larsson, 2007; Cubo et al., 2008, 2012; Montes et al., 2010).”

“Comparing with other dinosauromorphs, the bone cortex thickness in NHM-PV R.3424 further indicates that the individual reached its asymptotic mass (Sander and Tückmantel 2003; Griffin et al. 2019).”

“Some studies suggest that the high values of apposition rate this tissue can reach vary between 20 and 110 μm/day depending on the taxon (Castanet et al. 2000; Margerie et al. 2002; Sander and Tückmantel 2003).”

“(Sander, 2000; Sander and Tückmantel, 2003; Klein and Sander, 2007, 2008; Sander et al., 2011b); iv) clear lines of arrested growth (LAGs), representing a complete cessation of growth for a certain amount of time (Francillon-Vieillot et al., 1990).”

“…to have attained large adult body size by rapid post-hatching growth (e.g., Rimblot-Baly et al. 1995; Curry 1999; Sander 2000; Erickson et al. 2001; Sander and Tückmantel 2003) rather than by the slow, pro- longed growth strategy common in other reptiles (e.g., Enlow and Brown 1956, 1957; Case…”

“However, this can only be assessed with the help of histological studies (Sander 1999, Sander & T€uckmantel 2003), but not from macroscopic non-destructive analysis of the skeletons directly.”