Physiological arousal: a role for hypothalamic systems
Open accessAbstract
The lateral hypothalamus (LH) has long been known as a homeostasis center of the brain that modulates feeding behavior, arousal and reward. The hypocretins (Hcrts, also called orexins) and melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) are neuropeptides produced in two intermingled populations of a few thousand neurons in the LH. The Hcrts have a prominent role in regulating the stability of arousal, since Hcrt system deficiency leads to narcolepsy. MCH is an important modulator of energy balance, as MCH system deficiency in mice leads to leanness and increased metabolism. Recently, MCH has been proposed to modulate rapid eye movement sleep in rodents. In this review, we propose a working model of the cross-talk between Hcrt and MCH circuits that may provide an arousal balance system to regulate complex goal-oriented behaviors.
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Loss of MCH neurons may also contribute to the pathophysiology of posttraumatic sleep-wake disturbances.
“Loss of the MCH neurons may also contribute to the pathophysiology of posttraumatic sleep-wake disturbances as these cells are hypothesized to regulate REM sleep.22,23”
From Loss of hypocretin (orexin) neurons with traumatic brain injury (2009) · cites this paper as [23]
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References 152 · Cited by 95
- Authors
- Adamantidis, A., & de Lecea, L.
- Affiliations
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Adamantidis, A.
- ORCID
- Adamantidis, A.
- Venue
- Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences
- Published
- 2008-02-16
- Volume
- 65
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1475-1488
- ISSN
- 1420-682X (ISSN-L)
- 1420-9071
- PMC
- PMC11131926
- OpenAlex
- W2042936589
- Cited by
- 95
- References
- 152
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 7.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroscience of respiration and sleep
- Keywords
- physiological arousal, lateral hypothalamus, orexin, melanin-concentrating hormone, narcolepsy, energy balance, REM sleep, homeostasis, feeding behavior, reward
- MeSH terms
- Orexins, Animals, Arousal, Behavior, Endocrine System, Humans, Hypothalamic Hormones, Hypothalamus, Melanins, Models, Biological, Neurons, Afferent, Neurons, Efferent, Neuropeptides, Pituitary Hormones, Receptors, Pituitary Hormone, Receptors, Neuropeptide, Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled, Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, Orexin Receptors
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