Exaggerated secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) could cause reactive hypoglycaemia

Abstract

The plasma concentrations of the insulinotropic incretin hormone, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) are abnormally high after oral glucose in partially gastrectomised subjects with reactive hypoglycaemia, suggesting a causal relationship. Because of the glucose-dependency of its effects, it is impossible to induce hypoglycaemia in normal subjects in the basal state by exogenous GLP-1, regardless of dose. To further assess the role of the incretin hormones in reactive hypoglycaemia, we reproduced the glucose and hormone profiles of the patients with reactive hypoglycaemia in 8 healthy volunteers in 4 separate protocols: 1) i.v. infusion of glucose (25 g) alone, 2) glucose together with i.v. GLP-1 infusion, and 3) and 4) glucose together with i.v. infusion of the other incretin hormone, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), at two different infusion rates. The plasma glucose, GLP-1 and GIP concentrations (low dose) obtained were comparable with those of the patients. With GLP-1, infusion of a total of 33.4 +/- 1.3 g glucose was required to obtain plasma glucose concentrations similar to those obtained by glucose infusion alone; with low GIP, 28.0 +/- 1.2 g and with high GIP 38.4 +/- 3.5 g. Insulin concentrations increased 10-fold with GLP-1 compared with i.v. glucose alone, but less with high and low GIP. In contrast, C-peptide concentrations were similar after GLP-1 and high GIP. After termination of i.v. glucose the lowest glucose concentrations were 4.5 (3.7-4.9) (median, range) for glucose alone; 2.4 (1.9-2.8) mmol/l with GLP-1; 3.7 (2.6-4.0) with low GIP and 3.3 (2.1-4.2) with high GIP. Thus, the exaggerated GLP-1 response to nutrients in patients with accelerated gastric emptying could be responsible for their high incidence of postprandial reactive hypoglycaemia.