Use of cod liver oil during pregnancy associated with lower risk of type I diabetes in the offspring
Open accessAbstract
Aims/hypothesis To test whether cod liver oil or vitamin D supplements either taken by the mother during pregnancy or by the child in the first year of life is associated with lower risk of Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in children.Methods We carried out a population-based case control study in Vest-Agder county of Norway, evaluating the use of supplements by a mailed questionnaire. We received responses from 85 diabetic subjects and 1,071 control subjects. Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using logistic regression analyses.Results When mothers took cod liver oil during pregnancy their offspring had a lower risk of diabetes. The unadjusted OR was 0.30, 95% CI: (0.12 to 0.75), p = 0.01. This association changed very little and was still significant after adjusting for age, sex, breastfeeding and maternal education. Mothers taking multivitamin supplements during pregnancy [adjusted OR= 1.11, 95% CI: (0.69 to 1.77)], infants taking cod liver oil in the first year of life [adjusted OR = 0.82, 95 % CI: (0.47 to 1.42) and the use of other vitamin D supplements in the first year of life [adjusted OR = 1.27, 95 % CI: (0.70 to 2.31)] was not [corrected] significantly associated with the risk of diabetes.Conclusion/interpretation We found that cod liver oil taken during pregnancy was associated with reduced risk of Type I diabetes in the offspring. This suggests that vitamin D or the n-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in the cod liver oil, or both, have a protective effect against Type I diabetes.
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Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with type 1 diabetes, and use of cod liver oil during pregnancy and during the first year of life has been associated with lower risk of type 1 diabetes.
“Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with T1D64,65 and the use of cod liver oil (a rich source of vitamin D) during pregnancy66 and the first year of life67 has been associated with a lower risk of T1D.”
From Epidemiology of type 1 diabetes (2010) · cites this paper as [65]
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References 22 · Cited by 362
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Joner G (1992) The epidemiology of insulin-dependent di- abetes mellitus in Norway: incidence, prevalence, mi- crovascular complications and mortality [Thesis]. Hauke- land University Hospital, and Aker University Hospital, Oslo
- Authors
- Stene, L. C., Ulriksen, J., Magnus, P., & Joner, G.
- Affiliations
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NO)
- Venue
- Diabetologia
- Published
- 2000-09-01
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1093-1098
- ISSN
- 0012-186X (ISSN-L)
- 1432-0428
- OpenAlex
- W1994471501
- Cited by
- 362
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 9.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Diabetologia (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Novo Nordisk
- Novo Nordisk Pharma
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Vitamin D Research Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Diabetes and associated disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
- Keywords
- cod liver oil, type 1 diabetes, pregnancy, maternal supplementation, vitamin D, omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, infant supplementation, multivitamins, offspring diabetes risk
- MeSH terms
- Breast Feeding, Cod Liver Oil, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Female, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Male, Norway, Pilot Projects, Pregnancy, Pregnancy in Diabetics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Reference Values, Regression Analysis, Risk Factors, Vitamins, Reproducibility of Results, Confidence Intervals, Odds Ratio, Case-Control Studies, Dietary Supplements
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