The DOI matches its Crossref record; 31 of the 31 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Heterogeneity of Type I diabetes: analysis of monozygotic twins in Great Britain and the United States
Open accessAbstract
Aims To determine the risk, hazard rate and factors affecting progression to diabetes in monozygotic twins of patients with Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus.Methods Prospective analysis was done of two cohorts of non-diabetic monozygotic twins of patients with Type I diabetes from Great Britain (n = 134) and the United States (n = 53).Results The diabetes-free survival analysis was similar between both cohorts (p = 0.6). The combined survival analysis (n = 187, median follow-up = 17.7 years, range = 0.01-57) at 40 years of discordance estimated a 39% probability of diabetes for the initially discordant twin. Survival analysis with left truncation of data estimated that probability to be 50%. For twins who became concordant (n = 47), the median discordance time was 4.2 years (range 0.4 to 39), exceeding 15 years in 23.4%. Twins of probands diagnosed at 24 years of age or younger had a 38% probability of diabetes by 30 years of discordance, compared with 6% for twins of probands diagnosed after 24 years of age (p = 0.004). The twins of probands diagnosed before 15 years of age had the highest diabetes hazard rate in the first discordance year, decreasing thereafter. By survival analysis, diabetes risk was higher in twins who were heterozygous for DR3-DQ2 and DR4-DQ8 than in twins with neither DR3-DQ2 nor DR4-DQ8 (p < 0.05).Conclusion/interpretation Monozygotic twins of patients with Type I diabetes from two different countries had similar rates of progression to diabetes. Whereas most twins did not develop diabetes, 25% of the twins who progressed did so after more than 14 years of discordance. An age-related heterogeneity was observed, with higher progression to diabetes for twins of patients diagnosed at a younger age.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Evidence suggests that, compared with childhood-onset T1DM, adult-onset (ages ≥18 years) disease has a lower frequency of high-risk HLA types54, lower concordance rates in twins55, more protective genotypes56, lower genetic risk scores57 and lower overall genetic load (with minor differences in HLA class II gene associations)56.”
From The epidemiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus in older adults (2025) · cites this paper as [55]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Monozygotic twins have a concordance rate of > 60% if followed long enough47 whereas dizygotic twins have a concordance rate of 6% to 10%.”
From Epidemiology of type 1 diabetes (2010) · cites this paper as [47]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Survival Analysis Techniques for Censored and Truncated Data
Rao, M. B., Klein, J. P., & Moeschberger, M. L. (1998) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1270658 · Cited by 3,617
The expanding universe of T-cell subsets: Th1, Th2 and more
Mosmann, T. R., & Sad, S. (1996) · Immunology Today · doi:10.1016/0167-5699(96)80606-2 · Cited by 3,603
A twin-pronged attack on complex traits
Martin, N. G., Boomsma, D. I., & Machin, G. A. (1997) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng1297-387 · Cited by 654
A Population-Based Study of Multiple Sclerosis in Twins
Ebers, G. C., Bulman, D. E., Sadovnick, A. D., Paty, D. W., Warren, S., Hader, W. J., Murray, T. J., Seland, T. P., Duquette, P., Grey, T., et al. (1986) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198612253152603 · Cited by 637
Kyvik, K. O., Green, A., & Beck‐Nielsen, H. (1995) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.311.7010.913 · Cited by 357
Concordance in twins: methods and interpretation.
Smith, C. S. (1974) · PubMed · Cited by 233
Srikanta, S., Ganda, O. P., Eisenbarth, G. S., & Soeldner, J. S. (1983) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198302103080607 · Cited by 224
Self-citationPugliese, A., Gianani, R., Moromisato, R., Awdeh, Z., Alper, C. A., Erlich, H. A., Jackson, R. A., & Eisenbarth, G. S. (1995) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.44.6.608 · Cited by 207
Self-citationType I Diabetes Mellitus in Monozygotic Twins: Chronic Progressive Beta Cell Dysfunction
Srikanta, S., GANDA, O. P., JACKSON, R. A., Gleason, R. E., KALDANY, A., Garovoy, M. R., MILFORD, E. L., Carpenter, C. B., Soeldner, J. S., & Eisenbarth, G. S. (1983) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-99-3-320 · Cited by 167
Self-citationKumar, D., Gemayel, N. S., Deapen, D., Kapadia, D., Yamashita, P. H., Lee, M., Dwyer, J. H., Roy‐Burman, P., Bray, G. A., & Mack, T. M. (1993) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.42.9.1351 · Cited by 158
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–325 of 325
Bergholdt, R., McDermott, M., & Pociot, F. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-39926-3_3
Liu, N., Sadlon, T. J., Wong, Y. Y., Pederson, S., Breen, J., & Barry, S. C. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1175572/v1
Experimental studies aiming to prevent type 1 diabetes mellitus.
Rydgren, T. (2007) · Uppsala University Publications (Uppsala University)
Prenatal and Infant Nutrition in the Pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes
MUIR, A. B., & She, J. (2004) · Nutrition and disease prevention · doi:10.1201/9780203997338.ch12
Vias de regulação metabólicas em células dendríticas com viés tolerogênico
Patente, T. A. (2020) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.42.2020.tde-20042022-153128
Exocrine Proteins Including Trypsin(ogen) as a Key Biomarker in Type 1 DiabetesPreprint
Bakinowska, L., Vartak, T., Phuthego, T., Taylor, M. R., Chandler, K. A., Jerram, S. T., The BOX Study Group, Williams, S., Feldmann, M., Johnston, D. G., et al. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4106538
Self-citationExocrine proteins including Trypsin(ogen) as a key biomarker in type 1 diabetes
Bakinowska, L., Vartak, T., Phuthego, T., Taylor, M., Chandler, K. A., Jerram, S. T., Williams, S., Feldmann, M., Johnson, D. G., Patel, K. A., et al. (2023) · doi:10.2337/figshare.21801124
Self-citationExocrine proteins including Trypsin(ogen) as a key biomarker in type 1 diabetes
Bakinowska, L., Vartak, T., Phuthego, T., Taylor, M., Chandler, K. A., Jerram, S. T., Williams, S., Feldmann, M., Johnson, D. G., Patel, K. A., et al. (2023) · doi:10.2337/figshare.21801124.v1
Self-citationExocrine proteins including Trypsin(ogen) as a key biomarker in type 1 diabetes
Bakinowska, L., Vartak, T., Phuthego, T., Taylor, M., Chandler, K. A., Jerram, S. T., Williams, S., Feldmann, M., Johnson, D. G., Patel, K. A., et al. (2023) · doi:10.2337/figshare.21801124.v2
Self-citationStudies on the aetiopathogenesis of type I autoimmune diabetes
Al-Domi, H. A. (2006)
Investigation of DNA methylation in autoimmune diseases with genome-wide association analysis
Fan, J. (2023) · International Conference on Modern Medicine and Global Health (ICMMGH) · doi:10.1117/12.2692914
Prasad, R. B. (2024) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119697473.ch12
Liu, N., Sadlon, T. J., Wong, Y. Y., Pederson, S., Breen, J., & Barry, S. C. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20206409
Liu, N., Sadlon, T. J., Wong, Y. Y., Pederson, S., Breen, J., & Barry, S. C. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20206406
Liu, N., Sadlon, T. J., Wong, Y. Y., Pederson, S., Breen, J., & Barry, S. C. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20206403
Israr, M., Khan, M. A., Idrees, M., Abbassi, S., Shoaib, M., & Bacha, S. A. U. (2023) · Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.53555/jptcp.v30i7.5460
Kahn, A., Barbesino, G., Perez, J. L., Xu, Z., Jia, X., Zaman, F., Yu, L., & Caturegli, P. (2024) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781683674023.ch90
Self-citationToll-like Rezeptor 4 als Regulator der Diabetespathogenese im Tiermodell des humanen Typ 1 Diabetes
Gülden, E. (2010) · Univ. Duesseldorf: Duesseldorfer Dokumenten- und Publikationsserver
Liu, N., Sadlon, T. J., Wong, Y. Y., Pederson, S., Breen, J., & Barry, S. C. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20206400
Stratégies pour remédier à l'hypoxie dans le pancréas bio-artificiel
Moure, A. G. (2019) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/d4a88d98z2b02z4759zb6eazcb4ecf630341
Role of MAIT cells in virally-induced type 1 diabetes by Coxsackievirus B4
Rouland, M. (2022) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/71d8ae9cz623cz4299zaa75zde7eff17dcf2
Chen, Z., & Pang, H. (2026) · Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11154-026-10084-z
Carpio-Salmerón, M., Marco-Alacid, C., Trelis-Clemente, S., Arsís-García, L., Pérez, I. M., Villalba-Armario, P., Marín-Sospedra, C., & Marín-Martínez, L. (2026) · Endocrinología Diabetes y Nutrición · doi:10.1016/j.endinu.2026.501905
Bougneres, P. F. (2026) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes17101159
Metadata
- Authors
- Redondo, M. J., Yu, L., Hawa, M., Mackenzie, T., Pyke, D. A., Eisenbarth, G. S., & Leslie, R. D. G.
- Affiliations
- University of Colorado Health (US)
- St Bartholomew's Hospital (GB)
- University of Colorado Denver (US)
- Venue
- Diabetologia
- Published
- 2001-03-09
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 354-362
- ISSN
- 0012-186X (ISSN-L)
- 1432-0428
- OpenAlex
- W1985484102
- Cited by
- 322
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 8.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Diabetologia (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK 32083-16)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Diabetes and associated disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Keywords
- type 1 diabetes, monozygotic twins, discordant twins, disease progression, diabetes risk, age at diagnosis, HLA-DR3-DQ2, HLA-DR4-DQ8, HLA heterozygosity, twin concordance
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Child, Child, Preschool, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Diseases in Twins, Female, United Kingdom, Histocompatibility Testing, Humans, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Polymorphism, Genetic, Time Factors, Twins, Monozygotic, United States, Proportional Hazards Models, Age of Onset, Disease-Free Survival, Microsatellite Repeats
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
