The DOI matches its Crossref record; 5 of the 5 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 10 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Frailty index predicts poor outcome in COVID-19 patients
Open accessOverview
Integrity signals
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Claims the paper makes
7 Not checked yet · 2 Own interpretation · 2 Own result
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The FI median score was 0.17 [interquartile ranges, IQR 0.12, 0.26] among the 42 patients died or transferred to ICU and 0.07 [IQR 0.05, 0.14] among the 63 patients who recovered (p < 0.001) (Table 1).”
plaincorrelationaln = 42- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The effect of frailty on patient’s clinical outcomes has been examined in several settings of care, including intensive care units (ICU) and acute hospital wards [1, 2], showing to be a reliable predictor of clinical and health care related outcomes.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Clegg A, Young J, Iliffe S, Rikkert MO, Rockwood K (2013) Frailty in elderly people. Lancet 381(9868):752–762 source
- Not checked yetcites [2] Muscedere J, Waters B, Varambally A et al (2017) The impact of frailty on intensive care unit outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med 43:1105–1122 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Frailty index predicts poor outcome in COVID-19 patients”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The cohort of COVID-19 patients admitted to the 8th floor of San Gerardo hospital between February 27 and April 7, 2020, is representative of COVID-19 patients generally, so that the association between Frailty Index and poor outcome can be generalised.
- Rests on an assumption: The Frailty Index, although developed in other populations, is a valid measure of frailty in patients with COVID-19.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 2
- Probably not a substantial claim. 6
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In a multivariable logistic model (see Electronic Supplementary Material), including age, sex and FI, age and the dichotomized FI were independent predictors of inhospital mortality or ICU admission (odds ratio in patients with FI ≥ 0.25 vs < 0.25 1.32, 95% confidence intervals: 1.03; 1.70).”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Importantly, one study has shown that a FI constructed with a similar number of variables was superior to other frailty tools in predicting mortality [4].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] Zucchelli A, Vetrano DL, Grande G et al (2019) Comparing the prognostic value of geriatric health indicators: a population-based study. BMC Med 17(1):185 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Based on these and other evidences, some scientific societies (https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng159/resources/critical-care-admission-algorithm-pdf-8708948893; https://www.brc-rea.be/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Ethical-decision-making-in-emergencies_COVID19_22032020_final.pdf) are recommending to assess frailty in patients with coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) infection to guide their triage.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng159/resources/critical-care-admission-algorithm-pdf-8708948893
- Not checked yetcites https://www.brc-rea.be/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Ethical-decision-making-in-emergencies_COVID19_22032020_final.pdf
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Overall, we assessed 43 variables, which provided our index with a sufficient amount of robustness [3].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] Searle SD, Mitnitski A, Gahbauer EA, Gill TM, Rockwood K (2008) A standard procedure for creating a frailty index. BMC Geriatr 8:24 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, not all international scientific associations have similar positions (https://smw.ch/article/doi/smw.2020.20229; http://www.siaarti.it/SiteAssets/News/COVID19%20-%20documenti%20SIAARTI/SIAARTI%20-%20Covid19%20-%20Raccomandazioni%20di%20etica%20clinica.pdf).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites https://smw.ch/article/doi/smw.2020.20229
- Not checked yetcites http://www.siaarti.it/SiteAssets/News/COVID19%20-%20documenti%20SIAARTI/SIAARTI%20-%20Covid19%20-%20Raccomandazioni%20di%20etica%20clinica.pdf
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“According to a previous study, participants with a FI score ≥ 0.25 were considered frails [5].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] Song X, Mitnitski A, Rockwood K (2010) Prevalence and 10-year outcomes of frailty in older adults in relation to deficit accumulation. J Am Geriatr Soc 58(4):681–687 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Frailty was assessed with the Frailty Index (FI), a commonly used tool which is based on the concept that frailty is the result of an accumulation of deficits during lifetime [3].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] Searle SD, Mitnitski A, Gahbauer EA, Gill TM, Rockwood K (2008) A standard procedure for creating a frailty index. BMC Geriatr 8:24 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With electronic medical records progressively more available in the hospitals, the assessment of frailty with an electronic FI can help clinicians in their decision-making processes, identifying patients most likely to require ICU admission and those with poor outcomes.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The cohort of COVID-19 patients admitted to the 8th floor of San Gerardo hospital between February 27 and April 7, 2020, is representative of COVID-19 patients generally, so that the association between Frailty Index and poor outcome can be generalised.
“Here, we analyzed the data of a cohort of consecutive COVID-19 patients admitted to 8th floor of San Gerardo hospital between February 27th and April 7th, 2020.”
“Frailty index predicts poor outcome in COVID-19 patients”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Frailty Index, although developed in other populations, is a valid measure of frailty in patients with COVID-19.
“Frailty was assessed with the Frailty Index (FI), a commonly used tool which is based on the concept that frailty is the result of an accumulation of deficits during lifetime [3].”
Citations
Cites
Clegg, A., Young, J., Iliffe, S., Rikkert, M. O., & Rockwood, K. (2013) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)62167-9 · Cited by 9,503
A standard procedure for creating a frailty index
Searle, S. D., Mitnitski, A., Gahbauer, E. A., Gill, T. M., & Rockwood, K. (2008) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/1471-2318-8-24 · Cited by 3,568
Prevalence and 10‐Year Outcomes of Frailty in Older Adults in Relation to Deficit Accumulation
Song, X., Mitnitski, A., & Rockwood, K. (2010) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2010.02764.x · Cited by 1,104
The impact of frailty on intensive care unit outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Muscedere, J., Waters, B., Varambally, A., Bagshaw, S. M., Boyd, J. G., Maslove, D., Sibley, S., & Rockwood, K. (2017) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-017-4867-0 · Cited by 827
Comparing the prognostic value of geriatric health indicators: a population-based study
Zucchelli, A., Vetrano, D. L., Grande, G., Calderón-Larrañaga, A., Fratiglioni, L., Marengoni, A., & Rizzuto, D. (2019) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-019-1418-2 · Cited by 55
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Metadata
- Authors
- COVID-19 Monza Team members, Bellelli, G., Rebora, P., Valsecchi, M. G., Bonfanti, P., & Citerio, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Milano-Bicocca (IT)
- Azienda Ospedaliera San Gerardo (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Bellelli, Giuseppe
- Venue
- Intensive Care Medicine
- Published
- 2020-05-25
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1634-1636
- ISSN
- 0342-4642 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-1238
- PMC
- PMC7246290
- OpenAlex
- W3031053993
- Cited by
- 114
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 57 · 2020: 23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Intensive Care Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- BOA (University of Milano-Bicocca) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Frailty in Older Adults
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine › Sepsis Diagnosis and Treatment
- Keywords
- frailty index, COVID-19 pandemic, frailty assessment, clinical outcome prediction, triage, intensive care unit admission, functional reserve, age-related decline
- MeSH terms
- Frailty, Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Humans, Intensive Care Units, Pneumonia, Viral, Coronavirus Infections, Pandemics
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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