When Autonomy Breaks: The Hidden Existential Risk of AI
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Students were more likely to outsource their work to ChatGPT when facing time pressures and workload problems.
“students were more likely to outsource their work to ChatGPT when facing time pressures and workload problems (6017).”
From Algorithmic Epistemic Outsourcing and Epistemic Corruption (2026) · cites this paper as Krook 2025
Cites
I.—COMPUTING MACHINERY AND INTELLIGENCE
TURING, A. M. (1950) · Mind · doi:10.1093/mind/lix.236.433 · Cited by 10,290 · see citing works
Zhai, C., Wibowo, S., & Li, L. D. (2024) · Smart Learning Environments · doi:10.1186/s40561-024-00316-7 · Cited by 1,567 · see citing works
The Future of the Professions: How Technology Will Transform the Work of Human Experts
Susskind, R., & Susskind, D. (2015) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198713395.001.0001 · Cited by 936 · see citing works
Fan, Y., Tang, L., Le, H., Shen, K., Tan, S., Zhao, Y., Shen, Y., Li, X., & Gašević, D. (2025) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/bjet.13544 · Cited by 805 · see citing works
Abbas, M., Jam, F. A., & Khan, T. I. (2024) · International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education · doi:10.1186/s41239-024-00444-7 · Cited by 531 · see citing works
Lee, H.-P. (., Sarkar, A., Tankelevitch, L., Drosos, I., Rintel, S., Banks, R., & Wilson, N. (2025) · Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3706598.3713778 · Cited by 490 · see citing works
Large Language Models and the Reverse Turing Test
Sejnowski, T. J. (2023) · Neural Computation · doi:10.1162/neco_a_01563 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
“ChatGPT seems too good to be true”: College students’ use and perceptions of generative AI
Baek, C., Tate, T., & Warschauer, M. (2024) · Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2024.100294 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Measuring AI Ability to Complete Long Software Tasks
Kwa, T., West, B., Becker, J., Deng, A., Garcia, K., Hasin, M., Jawhar, S., Kinniment, M., Rush, N., Von Arx, S., et al. (2025) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2503.14499 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
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Algorithmic Epistemic Outsourcing and Epistemic Corruption
Dacles, N. (2026) · Philosophia: International Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.46992/pijp.27.2.a.11
- Authors
- Krook, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Antwerp (BE)
- Corresponding author
- Krook, Joshua
- ORCID
- Krook, Joshua
- Venue
- AI & SOCIETY
- Published
- 2025-06-07
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 6011-6024
- ISSN
- 0951-5666 (ISSN-L)
- 1435-5655
- OpenAlex
- W4411123024
- Cited by
- 14
- References
- 9
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 2
- FWCI
- 14.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- AI & Society (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Ethics and Social Impacts of AI
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Cybernetics and Technology in Society
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Innovation, Sustainability, Human-Machine Systems
- Keywords
- AI existential risk, human autonomy, deskilling, critical thinking, decision-making, creativity, artificial general intelligence, human-AI competition
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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