The epistemological consequences of large language models: rethinking collective intelligence and institutional knowledge
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Transformations from cultural corpora to datasets, datasets to base models, and base models to instruction-tuned systems enact epistemic and normative boundaries that delimit what forms of meaning become legible, what interpretive options are foregrounded, and which traditions of validation remain visible or are displaced.
“Across the generative pipeline, successive transformations from cultural corpora to datasets, from datasets to base models, and from base models to instruction-tuned systems enact epistemic and normative boundaries that delimit what forms of meaning become legible, what interpretive options are foregrounded, and which traditions of validation remain visible or are displaced [11,17,22].”
From Who speaks when machines read scripture: boundary-making and interpretive authority in AI-mediated religious knowledge (2026) · cites this paper as [17]
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Definitions, methods, and applications in interpretable machine learning
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“Local epistemic threats (LETs) : The outsourcing of learning, understanding, and reasoning by individual human agents to LLMs resulting in the transfer of reflective epistemic practices to reliable LLM outputs.”
Rationality and the Reflective Mind
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Hallucination is Inevitable: An Innate Limitation of Large Language Models
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“Further, some researchers argue that the hallucination problem is a structural feature of generative models that arises from computational limits and the inherent incompleteness of the prior (i.e., the training data) and therefore cannot be entirely eliminated (Banerjee et al. 2024; Xu et al. 2024).”
LLMs Will Always Hallucinate, and We Need to Live with This
Banerjee, S., Agarwal, A., & Singla, S. (2025) · Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-99965-9_39 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
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“LLMs are being adopted in education (Q. Li et al. 2023; Ng 2024), medicine (Sayin et al. 2024; Thirunavukarasu et al. 2023; Wang et al. 2024a, b), law (Almeida et al. 2024; Cheong et al. 2024; Lai et al. 2024), finance, to name a few yet consequential domains of adoption.”
Exploring the psychology of LLMs’ moral and legal reasoning
Almeida, G. F. C. F., Nunes, J. L., Engelmann, N., Wiegmann, A., & Araújo, M. D. (2024) · Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.artint.2024.104145 · Cited by 70 · cited 2× · see citing works
“LLMs are being adopted in education (Q. Li et al. 2023; Ng 2024), medicine (Sayin et al. 2024; Thirunavukarasu et al. 2023; Wang et al. 2024a, b), law (Almeida et al. 2024; Cheong et al. 2024; Lai et al. 2024), finance, to name a few yet consequential domains of adoption.”
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Ahmad, H., & Ghafar, N. A. (2026) · AI and Ethics · doi:10.1007/s43681-026-01254-5 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
- Authors
- Hila, A.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas at Austin (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hila, Angjelin
- Venue
- AI & SOCIETY
- Published
- 2025-06-28
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 79-97
- ISSN
- 0951-5666 (ISSN-L)
- 1435-5655
- OpenAlex
- W4411751791
- Cited by
- 14
- References
- 9
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 1
- FWCI
- 62.68
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- journal article
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- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
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- AI & Society (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Epistemology, Ethics, and Metaphysics
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Ethics and Social Impacts of AI
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Educational Strategies and Epistemologies
- Keywords
- large language models, human-LLM interaction, collective epistemology, epistemic justification, internalism, externalism, reliabilism, reflective knowledge, collective rationality, epistemic norms, epistemic duties, epistemic vices, institutional knowledge, epistemic dependence
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