The DOI matches its Crossref record; 38 of the 38 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Psilocybin occasioned mystical-type experiences: immediate and persisting dose-related effects
Open accessAbstract
RationaleThis dose-effect study extends previous observations showing that psilocybin can occasion mystical-type experiences having persisting positive effects on attitudes, mood, and behavior.ObjectivesThis double-blind study evaluated psilocybin (0, 5, 10, 20, 30 mg/70 kg, p.o.) administered under supportive conditions.MethodsParticipants were 18 adults (17 hallucinogen-naïve). Five 8-h sessions were conducted individually for each participant at 1-month intervals. Participants were randomized to receive the four active doses in either ascending or descending order (nine participants each). Placebo was scheduled quasi-randomly. During sessions, volunteers used eyeshades and were instructed to direct their attention inward. Volunteers completed questionnaires assessing effects immediately after and 1 month after each session, and at 14 months follow-up.ResultsPsilocybin produced acute perceptual and subjective effects including, at 20 and/or 30 mg/70 kg, extreme anxiety/fear (39% of volunteers) and/or mystical-type experience (72% of volunteers). One month after sessions at the two highest doses, volunteers rated the psilocybin experience as having substantial personal and spiritual significance, and attributed to the experience sustained positive changes in attitudes, mood, and behavior, with the ascending dose sequence showing greater positive effects. At 14 months, ratings were undiminished and were consistent with changes rated by community observers. Both the acute and persisting effects of psilocybin were generally a monotonically increasing function of dose, with the lowest dose showing significant effects.ConclusionsUnder supportive conditions, 20 and 30 mg/70 kg psilocybin occasioned mystical-type experiences having persisting positive effects on attitudes, mood, and behavior. Implications for therapeutic trials are discussed.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“High MEQ-30 scores have also been found to predict changes in personality-trait openness (MacLean et al., 2012) and positive changes in attitudes, mood, and behavior (Griffiths et al., 2011).”
From Assessment of the acute subjective psychedelic experience: A review of patient-reported outcome measures in clinical research on classical psychedelics (2024) · cites this paper as Griffiths et al., 2011
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“it has been repeatedly found that psychedelic-induced mystical-type experiences and ego dissolution, the latter a phenomenon characterized by the reduction in self-referential awareness, disruption self-world boundaries, and increased feelings of unity with one’s surroundings (55), correlates with long-term (positive) outcomes (23, 52–54, 56–58).”
From Decreases in State and Trait Anxiety Post-psilocybin: A Naturalistic, Observational Study Among Retreat Attendees (2022) · cites this paper as [57]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Compared to the active placebo group, both groups which received a high dose of psilocybin reported significantly higher enhancements in mood, well-being and life satisfaction, as assessed by the Persisting Effects Questionnaire (87).”
From Examining the Potential Synergistic Effects Between Mindfulness Training and Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy (2021) · cites this paper as [87]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“phase I and II studies suggest a dose-dependent effect on the quality of the psychedelic experience [54, 76]”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“5 mg of psilocybin was shown to induce subjective changes significantly greater than those of an inert placebo; [76]”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“with high mystical experience scores associated with 30 mg/70 kg of psilocybin [76]”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Undergoing a mystical-type experience during the acute effects of a psychedelic has been associated with healthy volunteers reporting an improvement in their wellbeing [51, 52], and reductions in depression symptoms in participants with life-threatening cancer [19, 20].”
From The psychological processes of classic psychedelics in the treatment of depression: a systematic review protocol (2022) · cites this paper as [51]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Mindfulness meditation and mindfulness-based interventions can augment positive affect in healthy and clinical populations acutely and long-term (10, 88) and a similar mood-enhancing potential has been demonstrated for psychedelics such as psilocybin (29, 38, 60, 83, 87).”
From Examining the Potential Synergistic Effects Between Mindfulness Training and Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy (2021) · cites this paper as [87]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Controlled studies where subjects achieved mystical experiences under the effects of psilocybin showed personal long-term benefits (Griffiths et al., 2008; Griffiths et al., 2011).”
From Psychological variables implied in the therapeutic effect of ayahuasca: A contextual approach (2018) · cites this paper as Griffiths et al., 2011
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Importantly, previous studies utilising psychedelic-administration outside of a mindfulness-enhancing context have failed to show such positive trait changes (83, 87, 133), with the exception of trait openness (74, 134).”
From Examining the Potential Synergistic Effects Between Mindfulness Training and Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy (2021) · cites this paper as [87]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“and a dose-response study in healthy volunteers suggested that optimum psilocybin dosing for eliciting a well-tolerated yet transcendent experience may be between 0·29 mg/kg and 0·43 mg/kg [32].”
From Psilocybin-assisted group therapy for demoralized older long-term AIDS survivor men: an open-label safety and feasibility pilot study. (2020) · cites this paper as [32]
In the citing paper
“Self-reported increases in interpersonal closeness and positive/altruistic social effects were reported 1, 2, 6, and 14 months after one and two administrations of psilocybin (89–92).”
From Modulation of Social Cognition via Hallucinogens and “Entactogens” (2019) · cites this paper as [91]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Griffiths, R. R., Richards, W. A., McCann, U., & Jesse, R. (2006) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0457-5 · Cited by 1,684 · cited 23×
“The questionnaire included three additional questions (see Griffiths et al. 2006 for more specific wording): (1) How personally meaningful was the experience?”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationThe Psychology of Religion: An Empirical Approach
Donahue, M. J., Hood, R. W., Spilka, B., Hunsberger, B. E., & Gorsuch, R. L. (1998) · Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion · doi:10.2307/1388044 · Cited by 1,339
Nichols, D. E. (2004) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2003.11.002 · Cited by 1,211
Pilot Study of Psilocybin Treatment for Anxiety in Patients With Advanced-Stage Cancer
Grob, C. S., Danforth, A. L., Chopra, G. S., Hagerty, M., McKay, C. R., Halberstadt, A. L., & Greer, G. R. (2011) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.116 · Cited by 1,206
Human hallucinogen research: guidelines for safety
Johnson, M., Richards, W., & Griffiths, R. (2008) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881108093587 · Cited by 1,203
Self-citationMartin, W. R., Sloan, J. W., SAPIRA, J. D., & Jasinski, D. R. (1971) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1002/cpt1971122part1245 · Cited by 945
The Psychology of Religion: An Empirical Approach
Hall, C. M., Spilka, B., Hood, R. W., & Gorsuch, R. L. (1986) · Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion · doi:10.2307/1386305 · Cited by 943
Griffiths, R., Richards, W., Johnson, M., McCann, U., & Jesse, R. (2008) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881108094300 · Cited by 905
Self-citationEvidence for 5-HT2 involvement in the mechanism of action of hallucinogenic agents
Glennon, R. A., Titeler, M., & MCKENNEY, J. D. J. (1984) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/0024-3205(84)90436-3 · Cited by 635
The Psychology of Religion: An Empirical Approach
Hunsberger, B. E., Spilka, B., Hood, R. W., & Gorsuch, R. L. (1986) · Review of Religious Research · doi:10.2307/3511875 · Cited by 626
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Metzner R (2004) Teonanacatl: sacred mushroom of visions. Four Tree, El Verano
- Metzner R, Litwin G, Weil G (1965) The relation of expectation and mood to psilocybin reactions: a questionnaire study. Psychedelic Rev 5:3–39
- Pahnke W (1963) Drugs and mysticism: an analysis of the relationship between psychedelic drugs and the mystical consciousness. Thesis presented to the President and Fellows of Harvard University for the Ph.D. in Religion and Society
- Stolaroff MJ (1997) The secret chief revealed. Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies, Sarasota
- VandeCreek L (1999) The death transcendence scale. In: Hill PC, Hood RW Jr (eds) Measures of religiosity. Religious Education Press, Birmingham, pp 442–445
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 401–500 of 979
Antecedents of mystical experience and dread in intensive meditation.
Russ, S. L., & Elliott, M. S. (2017) · Psychology of Consciousness Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/cns0000119 · Cited by 23
Can Psychedelic Drugs Attenuate Age-Related Changes in Cognition and Affect?
Aday, J. S., Bloesch, E. K., & Davoli, C. C. (2019) · Journal of Cognitive Enhancement · doi:10.1007/s41465-019-00151-6 · Cited by 23
Rostral Anterior Cingulate Thickness Predicts the Emotional Psilocybin Experience
Lewis, C. R., Preller, K. H., Braden, B. B., Riecken, C., & Vollenweider, F. X. (2020) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines8020034 · Cited by 23
Averill, L. A., & Abdallah, C. G. (2022) · Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs · doi:10.1080/13543784.2022.2035358 · Cited by 23
Neurotoxicology Syndromes Associated with Drugs of Abuse
Caplan, R. A., Zuflacht, J. P., Barash, J. A., & Fehnel, C. R. (2020) · Neurologic Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2020.08.005 · Cited by 22
Hanley, A. W., & Garland, E. L. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-01896-6 · Cited by 22
Macrodosing to microdosing with psychedelics: Clinical, social, and cultural perspectives
Kaypak, A. C., & Raz, A. (2022) · Transcultural Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/13634615221119386 · Cited by 22
Systematic Review of Interventions for Demoralization in Patients With Cancer
Wang, Y., Sun, H., Ji, Q., Wei, J., & Zhu, P. (2023) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000001615 · Cited by 22
Not in the drug, not in the brain: Causality in psychedelic experiences from an enactive perspective
Meling, D., & Scheidegger, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1100058 · Cited by 22
Solaja, I., Haldane, K., Mason, N. L., Weiss, B., Xu, X., Xu, M., Nikolin, S., Jayasena, T., Millard, M., Brett, J., et al. (2024) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105570 · Cited by 22
Nayak, S. M., White, S. H., Hilbert, S. N., Lowe, M. X., Jackson, H., Griffiths, R. R., Garcia‐Romeu, A., & Yaden, D. B. (2024) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2024.2346130 · Cited by 22
Self-citationGlavonic, E., Mitić, M., & Adžić, M. (2022) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.25017 · Cited by 21
Perkins, D., Opaleye, E. S., Bouso, J. C., Tófoli, L. F., Sarris, J. J., Schubert, V., Ruffell, S., & Šimonová, H. (2023) · Psychoactives · doi:10.3390/psychoactives2040017 · Cited by 21
Effectiveness of Psilocybin on Depression: A Qualitative Study
Alshaikhli, H., Al-Naggar, R. A., & Erlam, G. D. (2021) · Electronic Journal of General Medicine · doi:10.29333/ejgm/10862 · Cited by 21
Scoping Review of Experiential Measures from Psychedelic Research and Clinical Trials
Herrmann, Z. M., Earleywine, M., Leo, J. A. D., Slabaugh, S., Kenny, T., & Rush, A. J. (2022) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2022.2125467 · Cited by 21
Forstmann, M., Kettner, H., Sagioglou, C., Irvine, A., Gandy, S., Carhart-Harris, R. L., & Luke, D. P. (2023) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811221146356 · Cited by 21
Validation of the imperial psychedelic predictor scale
Angyus, M., Osborn, S., Haijen, E. C. H. M., Erritzøe, D., Peill, J. M., Lyons, T., Kettner, H., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2024) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291724002204 · Cited by 20
Barrett, F. S., Zhou, Y., Carbonaro, T. M., Roberts, J., Smith, G. S., Griffiths, R. R., & Wong, D. F. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroergonomics · doi:10.3389/fnrgo.2021.784576 · Cited by 20
Self-citationPsychedelics and environmental virtues
Kirkham, N., & Letheby, C. (2022) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515089.2022.2057290 · Cited by 20
Vorobyeva, N. S., & Kozlova, A. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.927984 · Cited by 20
Psychedelics, OCD and related disorders: A systematic review
Graziosi, M., Rohde, J. S., Tiwari, P., Siev, J., & Yaden, D. B. (2024) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2024.100873 · Cited by 20
Walther, R. F. E., & van Schie, H. T. (2024) · Psychoactives · doi:10.3390/psychoactives3030026 · Cited by 20
Meling, D., Egger, K., Aicher, H., Redondo, J. J., Mueller, J., Dornbierer, J., Temperli, E., Vasella, E. A., Caflisch, L., Pfeiffer, D., et al. (2024) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811241282637 · Cited by 20
Concurrent stress modulates the acute and post-acute effects of psilocybin in a sex-dependent manner
Farinha‐Ferreira, M., Miranda‐Lourenço, C., Galipeau, C., Lenkei, Z., & Sebastião, A. M. (2024) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.110280 · Cited by 20
Lyon, A. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198843757.001.0001 · Cited by 20
Uthaug, M. V., Mason, N. L., Havenith, M. N., Vancura, M., & Ramaekers, J. G. (2021) · Journal of Psychedelic Studies · doi:10.1556/2054.2021.00193 · Cited by 19
Newton, K., & Moreton, S. G. (2022) · Ecopsychology · doi:10.1089/eco.2022.0044 · Cited by 19
How Do Psychedelics Reduce Fear of Death?
Letheby, C. (2024) · Neuroethics · doi:10.1007/s12152-024-09564-3 · Cited by 19
Campanale, A., Inserra, A., & Comai, S. (2024) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111058 · Cited by 19
Sutter, M. E., Chenoweth, J., & Albertson, T. E. (2013) · Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology · doi:10.1007/s12016-013-8370-2 · Cited by 19
A proposal to evaluate mechanistic efficacy of hallucinogens in addiction treatment
Burdick, B. V., & Adinoff, B. H. (2013) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.3109/00952990.2013.811513 · Cited by 19
Oña, G., Sampedro, F., Romero, S., Valle, M., Camacho, V., Migliorelli, C., Mañanas, M. Á., Antonijoan, R. M., Puntes, M., Coimbra, J., et al. (2021) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyab063 · Cited by 19
Nutt, D. (2016) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881116675754 · Cited by 19
Effects of LSD on music-evoked brain activityPreprint
Kaelen, M., Lorenz, R., Barrett, F. S., Roseman, L., Orbán, C., Santos-Ribeiro, A., Wall, M. B., Feilding, A., Nutt, D. J., Muthukumaraswamy, S. D., et al. (2017) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/153031 · Cited by 19
Cellular rules underlying psychedelic control of prefrontal pyramidal neuronsPreprint
Ekins, T. G., Brooks, I. A. W., Kailasa, S., Rybicki-Kler, C., Jedrasiak‐Cape, I., Donoho, E., Mashour, G. A., Rech, J. C., & Ahmed, O. J. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.10.20.563334 · Cited by 19
Set and setting of psychedelics for therapeutic use in psychiatry: A systematic review
Estric, C., Duron, T., Kabani, S., & López‐Castromán, J. (2025) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811251338214 · Cited by 18
Body mass index (BMI) does not predict responses to psilocybin
Spriggs, M. J., Giribaldi, B., Lyons, T., Rosas, F. E., Kärtner, L., Buchborn, T., Douglass, H. M., Roseman, L., Timmermann, C., Erritzøe, D., et al. (2022) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811221131994 · Cited by 18
Psychedelic risks and benefits: A cross-sectional survey study
Goldy, S. P., Du, B. A., Rohde, J. S., Nayak, S. M., Strickland, J. C., Ehrenkranz, R. C., Levine, M., Barrett, F. S., & Yaden, D. B. (2024) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811241292951 · Cited by 18
Gambaro, V., Roda, G., Visconti, G. L., Arnoldi, S., Casagni, E., Dell’Acqua, L., Farè, F., Paladino, E., Rusconi, C., Arioli, S., et al. (2016) · Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2016.03.043 · Cited by 18
Aixalà, M., Oña, G., Parés, Ò., & Bouso, J. C. (2019) · Drugs Education Prevention and Policy · doi:10.1080/09687637.2019.1611739 · Cited by 18
Psilocybin for depression: Considerations for clinical trial design
O’Donnell, K. C., Mennenga, S. E., & Bogenschutz, M. P. (2019) · Journal of Psychedelic Studies · doi:10.1556/2054.2019.026 · Cited by 18
Pouyan, N., Khankahdani, Z. H., Sisi, F. Y., Lee, Y. L., Rosenblat, J. D., Teopiz, K. M., Lui, L. M. W., Subramaniapillai, M., Lin, K., Nasri, F., et al. (2022) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40263-022-00944-y · Cited by 18
Zanesco, A. P., King, B. G., Conklin, Q. A., & Saron, C. D. (2023) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-023-02076-w · Cited by 18
HERE AND NOW: DISCOVERING THE SACRED WITH ENTHEOGENS
Richards, W. A. (2014) · Zygon® · doi:10.1111/zygo.12108 · Cited by 18
Self-citationIs music a drug? How music listening may trigger neurochemical responses in the brain
Reybrouck, M., & Dyck, E. V. (2024) · Musicae Scientiae · doi:10.1177/10298649241236770 · Cited by 17
Moreton, S. G., Barr, N. N. T., & Giese, K. J. (2024) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2024.2352726 · Cited by 17
Brain Networks, Neurotransmitters and Psychedelics: Towards a Neurochemistry of Self-Awareness
Mograbi, D. C., Rodrigues, R. F. S., Bienemann, B., & Huntley, J. D. (2024) · Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s11910-024-01353-y · Cited by 17
Marchi, M., Farina, R., Rachedi, K., Laonigro, F., Žuljević, M. F., Pingani, L., Ferrari, S., Somers, M., Boks, M. P., & Galeazzi, G. M. (2024) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811241303594 · Cited by 17
A qualitative analysis of the psychedelic mushroom come-up and come-down
Brouwer, A., Brown, J. K., Erowid, E., Erowid, F., Thyssen, S., Raison, C. L., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2025) · npj Mental Health Research · doi:10.1038/s44184-024-00095-6 · Cited by 17
Griffiths, R. R., Jesse, R., Richards, W. A., Johnson, M. W., Sepeda, N. D., Bossis, A. P., & Ross, S. (2025) · Psychedelic Medicine · doi:10.1089/psymed.2023.0044 · Cited by 17
Self-citationA potential role for psilocybin in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder
Jacobs, E. (2020) · Journal of Psychedelic Studies · doi:10.1556/2054.2020.00128 · Cited by 17
van Oorsouw, K. I. M., Uthaug, M. V., Mason, N. L., Broers, N. J., & Ramaekers, J. G. (2021) · Journal of Psychedelic Studies · doi:10.1556/2054.2021.00174 · Cited by 17
Driver, C., Jackson, T., Lagopoulos, J., & Hermens, D. F. (2022) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110609 · Cited by 17
Exploring psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy in the treatment of methamphetamine use disorder
Brett, J., Knock, E., Korthuis, P. T., Liknaitzky, P., Murnane, K. S., Nicholas, C. R., Patterson, J. C., & Stauffer, C. S. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1123424 · Cited by 16
Berkovitch, L., Fauvel, B., Preller, K. H., & Gaillard, R. (2025) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106239 · Cited by 16
Psychological Oneness: A Typology
Coomber, T., & Harré, N. (2021) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1177/10892680211034457 · Cited by 16
Becker, A., Humbert‐Droz, M., Mueller, L., Jelušić, A., Tolev, A., Straumann, I., Avedisian, I., Erne, L., Thomann, J., Luethi, D., et al. (2025) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1002/cpt.3618 · Cited by 16
Utilizing Psychedelics to Enhance Well-Being: A Systematic Review
Thomson, S., & Thomacos, N. (2025) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2025.2484380 · Cited by 16
Integrating Psychedelic Medicines and Psychiatry: Theory and Methods of a Model Clinic
Sloshower, J. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-76720-8_7 · Cited by 16
Entheogenic Experience and Spirituality
Johnstad, P. G. (2020) · Method & Theory in the Study of Religion · doi:10.1163/15700682-12341512 · Cited by 16
Human behavioral pharmacology of psychedelics
Strickland, J. C., & Johnson, M. W. (2022) · Advances in pharmacology · doi:10.1016/bs.apha.2021.10.003 · Cited by 16
Self-citationHosein, M., Reid, M. J., Walser, S. A., Charney, S., Fonzo, G. A., Lewis, B. R., Yaden, D. B., Suppes, T. M., Cordner, Z. A., & Barrett, F. S. (2025) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2025.103517 · Cited by 15
Entheogenic Spirituality: Characteristics of Spiritually Motivated Psychedelics Use
Johnstad, P. G. (2022) · International Journal for the Psychology of Religion · doi:10.1080/10508619.2022.2148060 · Cited by 15
The association between naturalistic use of psychedelics and co-occurring substance use disorders
Rabinowitz, J., Lev‐Ran, S., & Gross, R. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1066369 · Cited by 15
Carlisle, N. A., Dourron, H. M., MacCarthy, S., Zarrabi, A. J., & Hendricks, P. S. (2023) · Psychedelic Medicine · doi:10.1089/psymed.2022.0018 · Cited by 15
Weiss, B., Sleep, C. E., Beller, N. M., Erritzøe, D., & Campbell, W. K. (2023) · Journal of Psychedelic Studies · doi:10.1556/2054.2023.00291 · Cited by 15
Schmid, Y., & Bershad, A. K. (2024) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.02.001 · Cited by 15
Sakai, K., Bradley, E., Zamaria, J. A., Agin-Liebes, G., Kelley, D. P., Fish, A., Martini, V., Ferris, M. C., Morton, E. E., Michalak, E. E., et al. (2024) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-024-06585-x · Cited by 15
Endorsement of metaphysical idealism mediates a link between past use of psychedelics and wellbeing
Jylkkä, J., Krabbe, A., & Jern, P. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-63687-4 · Cited by 15
Psychedelic Experiences and Mindfulness are Associated with Improved Wellbeing
Qiu, T. T., & Minda, J. P. (2022) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2022.2060773 · Cited by 15
The Relationship Between Psychedelic Use, Mystical Experiences, and Pro-Environmental Behaviors
Paterniti, K., Bright, S. J., & Gringart, E. (2022) · Journal of Humanistic Psychology · doi:10.1177/00221678221111024 · Cited by 15
Knowledge gaps in psychedelic medicalisation: Clinical studies and regulatory aspects
McCulloch, D. E.-W., Liechti, M. E., Kuypers, K. P. C., Nutt, D., Lundberg, J., Stenbæk, D. S., Goodwin, G. M., Gründer, G., Butlen‐Ducuing, F., Haberkamp, M., et al. (2024) · Neuroscience Applied · doi:10.1016/j.nsa.2024.103938 · Cited by 14
Olami, A., & Peled‐Avron, L. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-74810-w · Cited by 14
Larsen, K., Lindberg, U., Ozenne, B., McCulloch, D. E.-W., Armand, S., Madsen, M. K., Johansen, A., Stenbæk, D. S., Knudsen, G. M., & Fisher, P. M. (2025) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1177/0271678x251323364 · Cited by 14
Adebo, M., Bonnet, M., Laouej, O., Defaix, C., McGowan, J. C., Butlen‐Ducuing, F., David, D. J. P., Poupon, E., Tritschler, L., & Gardier, A. M. (2025) · Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/fcp.70038 · Cited by 14
Bibliometric Analysis of Academic Journal Articles Reporting Results of Psychedelic Clinical Studies
Weleff, J., Akiki, T. J., & Barnett, B. S. (2022) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2022.2133757 · Cited by 14
Psycho-spiritual transformation after an exceptional human experience
Tassell-Matamua, N., & Frewin, K. (2018) · Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/19349637.2018.1481487 · Cited by 14
Empirische Untersuchung veränderter Bewusstseinszustände
Schmidt, T. T., & Majić, T. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-55214-4_65-1 · Cited by 14
Handbook of Positive Psychology, Religion, and SpiritualityPreprint
Davis, E. B., Worthington, E. L., & Schnitker, S. A. (2022) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/pgwtn · Cited by 14
Vanderijst, L., Hever, F., Buot, A., Dauré, C., Benoit, J., Hanak, C., Veeser, J., Morgiève, M., Campanella, S., Kornreich, C., et al. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-05502-y · Cited by 13
“We decided to opt for a design in which the control group receives a low yet psychoactive dose of psilocybin (5 mg, [76]), which would theoretically not induce significant clinical benefits (e.g., [38] observed a significant decrease in depression symptomatology in participants with…”
BackgroundBarnett (2024) · doi:10.1089/psymed.2023.0010 · Cited by 13
Nicholas, C. R. N., Banks, M. I., Lennertz, R. C., Wenthur, C. J., Krause, B. M., Riedner, B. A., Smith, R., Hutson, P. R., Sauder, C. J., Dunne, J. D., et al. (2024) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-024-03059-8 · Cited by 13
Designing Consciousness: Psychedelics as Ontological Design Tools for Decolonizing Consciousness
Falcon, J. (2020) · Design and Culture · doi:10.1080/17547075.2020.1826182 · Cited by 13
Plant and Fungal Hallucinogens as Toxic and Therapeutic Agents
Carlini, E. A., & Maia, L. O. (2017) · Toxinology · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6464-4_6 · Cited by 13
A potential effect of psilocybin on anxiety in neurotic personality structures in adolescents
Bogadi, M., & Kaštelan, S. (2021) · Croatian Medical Journal · doi:10.3325/cmj.2021.62.528 · Cited by 13
A Systematic Study of Microdosing PsychedelicsPreprint
Polito, V., & Stevenson, R. J. (2018) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/cw9qs · Cited by 13
LSD acutely impairs fear recognition and enhances emotional empathy and sociality
Dolder, P. C. (2016) · doi:10.26226/morressier.5785edc6d462b80296c9935b · Cited by 13
St. Arnaud, K. O., & Cormier, D. C. (2017) · International Journal of Transpersonal Studies · doi:10.24972/ijts.2017.36.2.44 · Cited by 12
The potential of psilocybin use to enhance well-being in healthy individuals – A scoping review
Wiepking, L., de Bruin, E. J., & Ghiţă, A. (2023) · Journal of Psychedelic Studies · doi:10.1556/2054.2023.00244 · Cited by 12
Zhang, M., Yang, Y., Yang, Z., Wen, X., Zhang, C., Xiao, P., Wang, Y., Sun, J., Wang, X., & Wang, X. (2024) · European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.117049 · Cited by 12
Clinical and preclinical evidence of psilocybin as antidepressant. A narrative review
Erkizia-Santamaría, I., Horrillo, I., Meana, J. J., & Ortega, J. E. (2025) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111249 · Cited by 12
Yaden, D. B., Graziosi, M., Owen, A. M., Agin-Liebes, G., Aaronson, S. T., Allen, K. E., Barrett, F. S., Bogenschutz, M. P., Carhart-Harris, R. L., Ching, T. H. W., et al. (2025) · Psychedelic Medicine · doi:10.1089/psymed.2024.0019 · Cited by 12
Self-citationGreenway, K. T., Garel, N., Dinh-Williams, L.-A., Lévesque, J. T., Kaelen, M., Dagenais‐Beaulé, V., de la Salle, S., Erritzøe, D., Looper, K. J., Turecki, G., et al. (2025) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.2025.102 · Cited by 12
The Induction of Synaesthesia in Non-Synaesthetes
Terhune, D. B., Luke, D. P., & Kadosh, R. C. (2017) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199688289.003.0012 · Cited by 12
Schmidt, T. T., Reiche, S., Hage, C. L. C., Bermpohl, F., & Majić, T. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-78527-4 · Cited by 12
Positive Psychology and Buddhism
Segall, S. Z., & Kristeller, J. L. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-10274-5_14 · Cited by 12
Altered States of Consciousness During Ceremonial San Pedro Use
Bohn, A., Kiggen, M. H. H., Uthaug, M. V., van Oorsouw, K. I. M., Ramaekers, J. G., & van Schie, H. T. (2022) · International Journal for the Psychology of Religion · doi:10.1080/10508619.2022.2139502 · Cited by 12
Effect of LSD and music on the time-varying brain dynamics
Adamska-Stolarczyk, I., & Finc, K. (2023) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-023-06394-8 · Cited by 12
Elmer, T., Vannoy, T. K., Studerus, E., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-51355-6 · Cited by 12
Sajid, S., Galfalvy, H., Keilp, J. G., Burke, A. K., Mann, J. J., & Grunebaum, M. F. (2024) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyae017 · Cited by 12
Metadata
- Authors
- Griffiths, R. R., Johnson, M. W., Richards, W. A., Richards, B. D., McCann, U., & Jesse, R.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Griffiths, Roland R.
- Venue
- Psychopharmacology
- Published
- 2011-06-15
- Volume
- 218
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 649-665
- ISSN
- 0033-3158 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-2072
- PMC
- PMC3308357
- OpenAlex
- W2001101493
- Semantic Scholar
- b6a466d47ff14211f273622e5d0b584d06253237
- Cited by
- 932
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 59 · 2025: 97 · 2024: 115 · 2023: 110 · 2022: 107 · 2021: 94 · 2020: 64 · 2019: 65 · 2018: 48 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 20.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Psychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA003889, R01DA03889)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychedelics and Drug Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs
- Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
- Keywords
- psilocybin, dose-response relationship, fear and anxiety, long-term psychological effects, psychedelic therapy
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Affect, Attitude, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Double-Blind Method, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Hallucinogens, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psilocybin, Surveys and Questionnaires, Time Factors, Cross-Over Studies, Spirituality
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
