Cited by 70Environmental Toxicology and EcotoxicologyHeavy Metal Exposure and ToxicityMercury impact and mitigation studies

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 4 of the 5 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Developmental Abnormalities in Horseshoe Crab Embryos Caused by Exposure to Heavy Metals

Itow, T., Loveland, R. E., Botton, M. L.·1998·Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

DOI 10.1007/s002449900345

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

We examined the effects of heavy metals on the development of horseshoe crabs using bioassays in which embryos at different stages were exposed either continuously or for 24 h. Abnormalities included segment-defective embryos, double embryos, embryos with abnormal eye areas, and no-posterior embryos. In terms of their ability to affect normal development, the pollutants are ranked as follows: Hg >== organotin > Cr falling dots Cd > Cu > Pb > Zn. Organotin treatment was associated with a high frequency of abnormal eye embryos and Hg with segment-defective embryos. The specific cause of segment-defective malformations by Hg was investigated by using SH inhibitors and cytochalasin B, an inhibitor of microfilaments. These inhibitors induced Hg-type segment-defective embryos; thus, Hg may also act by inhibiting SH-SS exchange and blocking morphogenetic movements. Horseshoe crab embryos from Delaware Bay and Sandy Hook Bay, New Jersey, were examined for developmental abnormalities. Malformed embryos were extremely rare (<0.6%) at five beaches along Delaware Bay as well as Sandy Hook Bay, suggesting that these horseshoe crab spawning areas are relatively unpolluted by heavy metals.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/s002449900345

Cites

4 of 4 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Site selection by migratory shorebirds in Delaware Bay, and its relationship to beach characteristics and abundance of horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) eggs
Botton, M. L., Loveland, R. E., & Jacobsen, T. R. (1994) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) · doi:10.1093/auk/111.3.605 · Cited by 166
Self-citation
Life in the Chesapeake Bay
Vecchione, M., Lippson, A. J., & Lippson, R. L. (1984) · Estuaries · doi:10.2307/1352147 · Cited by 35
MORPHOGENIC MOVEMENT AND EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED DECREASE IN NUMBER OF EMBRYONIC SEGMENTS IN THE JAPANESE HORSESHOE CRAB,TACHYPLEUS TRIDENTATUS
Itow, T., & Sekiguchi, K. (1980) · Biological Bulletin · doi:10.2307/1540859 · Cited by 33
Self-citation
This Side Up
Wall, R. W. (1990) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511574542 · Cited by 16

Show all 5 references

Sorted by citations

Occurrence, bioavailability and toxic effects of trace metals and organic contaminants in mangrove ecosystems: A review
Bayen, S. (2012) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2012.07.008 · Cited by 438
Toxicity of mercury: Molecular evidence
Yang, L., Zhang, Y., Wang, F., Luo, Z., Guo, S., & Strähle, U. (2019) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125586 · Cited by 434
Developmental toxicity of plastic leachates on the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus
Rendell-Bhatti, F., Paganos, P., Pouch, A., Mitchell, C., D’Aniello, S., Godley, B. J., Pazdro, K., Arnone, M. I., & Jiménez-Guri, E. (2020) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115744 · Cited by 94
Present and Potential Future Distributions of Asian Horseshoe Crabs Determine Areas for Conservation
Vestbo, S., Obst, M., Fernandez, F. Q., Intanai, I., & Funch, P. (2018) · Frontiers in Marine Science · doi:10.3389/fmars.2018.00164 · Cited by 91
Episodic human activities and seasonal impacts on the Tachypleus gigas (Müller, 1785) population at Tanjung Selangor in Peninsular Malaysia
Nelson, B. R., Satyanarayana, B., Zhong, J. M. H., Shaharom, F., Sukumaran, M., & Chatterji, A. K. (2015) · Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science · doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2015.08.003 · Cited by 66
Effects of copper on the egg development and hatching of a freshwater pulmonate snail Lymnaea luteola L.
Khangarot, B. S., & Das, S. (2010) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.03.054 · Cited by 61
Distribution, abundance, and survivorship of young-of-the-year in a commercially exploited population of horseshoe crabs Limulus polyphemus
Botton, M. L., Loveland, R. E., & Tiwari, A. (2003) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps265175 · Cited by 55
Self-citation
Toxicity of lead, cadmium and mercury on embryogenesis, survival, growth and metamorphosis of Meretrix meretrix larvae
Wang, Q., Liu, B., Yang, H., Wang, X., & Lin, Z. (2009) · Ecotoxicology · doi:10.1007/s10646-009-0326-1 · Cited by 52
An invertebrate embryo test with the apple snail Marisa cornuarietis to assess effects of potential developmental and endocrine disruptors
Schirling, M., Bohlen, A., Triebskorn, R., & Köhler, H. (2006) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.01.015 · Cited by 51
Sublethal Effects of Trace Metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg) on Embryogenesis and Larval Settlement of the Ascidian Ciona intestinalis
Bellas, J., Beiras, R., & V�zquez, E. (2004) · Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00244-003-0238-7 · Cited by 51
Abnormal xiphosurids, with possible application to Cambrian trilobites
Bicknell, R. D. C., Pates, S., & Botton, M. L. (2018) · Palaeontologia Electronica · doi:10.26879/866 · Cited by 43
Self-citation
Differential toxicity of copper, zinc, and lead during the embryonic development of Chasmagnathus granulatus (Brachyura, varunidae)
Lavolpe, M., Greco, L. S. L., Kesselman, D., & Rodríguez, E. M. (2004) · Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry · doi:10.1897/02-645 · Cited by 40
The impact of metals on the reproductive mechanisms of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis
Gallo, A., Silvestre, F., Cuomo, A., Papoff, F., & Tosti, E. (2011) · Marine Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1439-0485.2011.00433.x · Cited by 39
Horseshoe crabs as potential sentinel species for coastal health: juvenile haemolymph quality and relationship to habitat conditions
Kwan, K. Y., Un, V. K. Y., Cheung, S. G., & Shin, P. K. S. (2018) · Marine and Freshwater Research · doi:10.1071/mf17210 · Cited by 39
Responses of a Free-Living Marine Nematode Community to Mercury Contamination: Results from Microcosm Experiments
Hermi, M., Mahmoudi, E., Beyrem, H., Aïssa, P., & Essid, N. (2008) · Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00244-008-9217-3 · Cited by 37
Horseshoe crabs (Limulus polyphemus) in an urban estuary (Jamaica Bay, New York) and the potential for ecological restoration
Botton, M. L., Loveland, R. E., Tanacredi, J. T., & Itow, T. (2006) · Estuaries and Coasts · doi:10.1007/bf02786533 · Cited by 37
Self-citation
Heavy Metals Inhibit Limb Regeneration in Horseshoe Crab Larvae
Itow, T., Igarashi, T., Botton, M. L., & Loveland, R. E. (1998) · Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s002449900402 · Cited by 36
Self-citation
The pattern of a specimen of Pycnogonum litorale (Arthropoda, Pycnogonida) with a supernumerary leg can be explained with the “boundary model” of appendage formation
Scholtz, G., & Brenneis, G. (2016) · Die Naturwissenschaften · doi:10.1007/s00114-016-1333-8 · Cited by 34
The Effects of Water Quality on Horseshoe Crab Embryos and Larvae
Botton, M. L., & Itow, T. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-89959-6_27 · Cited by 34
Self-citation
Adverse impacts of high-density microplastics on juvenile growth and behaviour of the endangered tri-spine horseshoe crab Tachypleus tridentatus
Fang, J. K., Tse, T. W., Maboloc, E. A., Leung, R. K.-L., Leung, M. M.-L., Wong, M. W.-T., Chui, A. P. Y., Wang, Y., Hu, M., Kwan, K. Y., et al. (2023) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114535 · Cited by 33
Metal levels in horseshoe crabs (Limulus polyphemus) from Maine to Florida
Burger, J., Dixon, C., Shukla, T., Tsipoura, N., & Gochfeld, M. (2002) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/s0013-9351(02)00027-0 · Cited by 33
Embryo aberrations in the amphipod Monoporeia affinis as indicators of toxic pollutants in sediments: A field evaluation
Löf, M. F., Sundelin, B., Bandh, C., & Gorokhova, E. (2015) · Ecological Indicators · doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.05.058 · Cited by 32
Development of an embryotoxicity test for Enchytraeus crypticus – The effect of Cd
Gonçalves, M. F. M., Bicho, R. C., Rêma, A., Soares, A. M. V. M., Faustino, A., & Amorim, M. J. B. (2015) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.07.021 · Cited by 30
Critical Windows in Animal Development: Interactions Between Environment, Phenotype, and Time
Mueller, C. A. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75935-7_3 · Cited by 28
Responses of growth and hemolymph quality in juvenile Chinese horseshoe crab Tachypleus tridentatus (Xiphosura) to sublethal tributyltin and cadmium
Kwan, K. Y., Chan, A. K. Y., Cheung, S. G., & Shin, P. K. S. (2015) · Ecotoxicology · doi:10.1007/s10646-015-1524-7 · Cited by 27
Research Development on Horseshoe Crab: A 30-Year Bibliometric Analysis
Luo, Z., Miao, F., Hu, M., & Wang, Y. (2020) · Frontiers in Marine Science · doi:10.3389/fmars.2020.00041 · Cited by 27
The Conservation of Horseshoe Crabs: What Can We Learn From the Japanese Experience?
Botton, M. L. (2005) · Kluwer Academic Publishers eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-306-47590-1_4 · Cited by 25
Self-citation
Toxicity of marine pollutants on the ascidian oocyte physiology: an electrophysiological approach
Gallo, A. (2017) · Zygote · doi:10.1017/s0967199417000612 · Cited by 21
Emerging Issues in Horseshoe Crab Conservation: A Perspective from the IUCN Species Specialist Group
Botton, M. L., Carmichael, R. H., Shin, P. K. S., & Cheung, S. G. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-19542-1_21 · Cited by 21
Self-citation
Toxicity of mercury during the embryonic development of Chasmagnathus granulatus (Brachyura, Varunidae)
Sánchez, M. V., Cahansky, A. V., Greco, L. S. L., & Rodríguez, E. M. (2004) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2004.09.005 · Cited by 20
Maternal transfer of trace elements in the Atlantic horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus)
Bakker, A. K., Dutton, J., Sclafani, M., & Santangelo, N. (2016) · Ecotoxicology · doi:10.1007/s10646-016-1739-2 · Cited by 18
Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Horseshoe Crabs (Tachypleus gigas) from Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia
Kamaruzzam, B. Y., John, B. A., Megat, A., & Zaleha, K. (2011) · Research Journal of Environmental Toxicology · doi:10.3923/rjet.2011.222.228 · Cited by 16
Accumulation of nonessential trace elements (Ag, As, Cd, Cr, Hg and Pb) in Atlantic horseshoe crab ( Limulus polyphemus ) early life stages
Bakker, A. K., Dutton, J., Sclafani, M., & Santangelo, N. (2017) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.026 · Cited by 16
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Have Adverse Effects on Benthic Communities in the Baltic Sea: Implications for Environmental Status Assessment
Raymond, C., Gorokhova, E., & Karlson, A. M. L. (2021) · Frontiers in Environmental Science · doi:10.3389/fenvs.2021.624658 · Cited by 15
Effects of copper and cadmium on development and superoxide dismutase levels in horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) embryos
Hamilton, M. G., Esposito, C., Malin, M., Cusumano, L. R., & Botton, M. L. (2015) · SpringerPlus · doi:10.1186/s40064-015-1267-1 · Cited by 15
Self-citation
Heavy Metal Concentration in Horseshoe Crab (Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda and Tachypleus gigas) Eggs from Malaysian Coastline
Hajeb, P., Christianus, A., Ismail, A. S., Zadeh, S. S., & Saad, C. R. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-89959-6_28 · Cited by 14
A study on the energy source in the developing embryo of the mangrove horseshoe crab,Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda(Latreille)
Srijaya, T. C., Pradeep, P. J., Shaharom, F., & Chatterji, A. K. (2011) · Invertebrate Reproduction & Development · doi:10.1080/07924259.2011.633621 · Cited by 13
Environmental exposure of Atlantic horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) early life stages to essential trace elements
Bakker, A. K., Dutton, J., Sclafani, M., & Santangelo, N. (2016) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.097 · Cited by 13
Metals in Horseshoe Crabs from Delaware Bay
Burger, J., Dixon, C., Shukla, T., Tsipoura, N., Jensen, H., Fitzgerald, M., Ramos, R., & Gochfeld, M. (2002) · Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00244-002-2002-9 · Cited by 13
Metals in horseshoe crab eggs from Delaware Bay, USA: temporal patterns from 1993 to 2012
Burger, J., & Tsipoura, N. (2014) · Environmental Monitoring and Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10661-014-3901-8 · Cited by 12
Occurrence of abnormal sexual dimorphic structures in the gonochoristic crustacean, Upogebia major (Thalassinidea: Decapoda), inhabiting mud tidal flats in Japan
Nanri, T., Fukushige, M., Ubaldo, J. P., Kang, B. J., Masunari, N., Takada, Y., Hatakeyama, M., & Saigusa, M. (2010) · Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom · doi:10.1017/s0025315410001712 · Cited by 12
Public Awareness and Community-Based Conservation for the Horseshoe Crab at Saikai National Park in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan
Iwaoka, C., & Okayama, T. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-89959-6_37 · Cited by 11
Duplicated, Twisted, and in the Wrong Place
Scholtz, G. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190648954.003.0004 · Cited by 9
Prevalence and patterns of infection by the epicaridean parasite,Gyge ovalisand the emergence of intersex in the estuarine mud shrimp,Upogebia major
Ubaldo, J. P., Nanri, T., Takada, Y., & Saigusa, M. (2013) · Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom · doi:10.1017/s0025315413001392 · Cited by 8
Metal Levels in Delaware Bay Horseshoe Crab Eggs from the Surface Reflect Metals in Egg Clutches Laid beneath the Sand
Burger, J. (2023) · Toxics · doi:10.3390/toxics11070614 · Cited by 8
Membrane retention potential of Tachypleus gigas during early embryogenesis
Nelson, B. R., John, A., Zhong, J. H., & Jalal, K. C. A. (2020) · Desalination and Water Treatment · doi:10.5004/dwt.2020.25272 · Cited by 7
Effects of Copper on Hatching of Larvae and Prezoea Survival of Petrolisthes galathinus (Porcellanidae): Assays with Ovigerous Females and Isolated Eggs
Greco, L. S. L., Rodríguez, E. M., Hernández, G., & Bolaños, J. (2002) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1006/enrs.2002.4378 · Cited by 7
Toxicity of copper sulphate during early and late embryonic development of a palaemonid shrimp (Crustacea)
Greco, L. S. L., Rodríguez, E. M., Bolaños, J., HERNÁNDEZ, G., & Fingerman, M. (2002) · Invertebrate Reproduction & Development · doi:10.1080/07924259.2002.9652748 · Cited by 7
Reproductive Processes of Marine Animals as Biomarker for Environmental Stress Impact
Gallo, A., & Tosti, E. (2020) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119143802.ch146 · Cited by 7
Systematic Review of Threats to Horseshoe Crabs and Implications for Conservation of Limulus polyphemus in Long Island Sound, USA
Raviraj, R., Crosby, S. C., Fajardo, M., Romanello, D., Rowland, S. M., & Susarchick, J. (2024) · Biological Bulletin · doi:10.1086/737257 · Cited by 5
Sediment quality assessment in tidal salt marshes in northern California, USA: An evaluation of multiple lines of evidence approach
Hwang, H., Carr, R. S., Cherr, G. N., Green, P. G., Grosholz, E. D., JUDAH, L. R., Morgan, S. G., Ogle, S., Rashbrook, V. K., Rose, W. L., et al. (2013) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.02.039 · Cited by 5
HORSESHOE CRAB AND ITS SPAWNING GROUND CONDITION IN JOHOR LAMA, JOHOR
Md Razak, M. R., Kassim, Z., Abd Wahab, R., & Hazahari, N. Y. (2022) · Malaysian Journal of Science · doi:10.22452/mjs.vol41no1.1 · Cited by 4
Histopathological and histochemical analysis of the digestive tract of adult horseshoe crabs under mercury stress
Zhang, W., Xie, M., Chen, X., Ying, Z., Bao, Y., Gu, Y., & Xie, X. (2024) · Aquatic Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2024.107202 · Cited by 4
Synthesis and characterization of chromone-based ligand and its fluorescence property towards Zn2+
Arifin, W. M. H., Juahir, Y., Ali, N. M., Bakar, N. A., AHMAD, M., Supian, F. L., & Osman, U. M. (2018) · IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering · doi:10.1088/1757-899x/440/1/012015 · Cited by 2
WITHDRAWN: Ecotoxicity of mercury contaminated sediment collected from Mabubi river (Geita district, Tanzania) to the early life stages of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus)
Chibunda, R. T., & Janssen, C. (2009) · Physics and Chemistry of the Earth Parts A/B/C · doi:10.1016/j.pce.2009.06.003 · Cited by 2
Impact of mercury on fitness and interactions of soil nematodes Rhabditis sp. and Cephalobus sp. in microcosms
Cura, J. K., & Martinez, J. G. (2025) · International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology · doi:10.1007/s13762-025-06368-7 · Cited by 1
Population and ecology of Asian horseshoe crabs
Shin, P. K. S., Hu, M., Kwan, K. Y., Meilana, L., Naher, F., & Halim, A. S. A. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-15637-3.00009-4 · Cited by 1
Element levels in muscle and eggs of a keystone species, the Atlantic horseshoe crab ( Limulus polyphemus) : risk to consumers that eat crabs depends upon tissue and route of exposure
Burger, J. (2026) · Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health · doi:10.1080/15287394.2026.2625698 · Cited by 1
Horseshoe Crab Surveys Using Underwater Videography
Kurtzke, C. (2005) · Kluwer Academic Publishers eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-306-47590-1_11 · Cited by 1
Effekte von Xenohormonen auf die limnischen Invertebraten Gammarus fossarum (Crustacea, Amphipoda) und Marisa cornuarietis (Mollusca, Prosobranchia)
Karls, E. (2005)
EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALY IDENTIFICATION OF GIANT MIMI-MINTUNO (Tachupleus gigas) DURING ARTIFICIAL INCUBATION PERIOD IN THE VIAL BOTTLES
Ciptono, C., & Harjana, T. (2016) · Jurnal Sains Dasar · doi:10.21831/jsd.v4i1.8443
Sediment quality assessment in tidal salt marshes in Northern California, USA: An evaluation of multiple lines of evidence approach
Hwang, H. (2018) · Journal of Oceanography and Marine Research · doi:10.4172/2572-3103-c1-005
Mercury
(2000) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781420032741.ch5
The Effects of Roundup® (a Glyphosate-Based Herbicide) on the Survival and Development of American Horseshoe Crab, Limulus polyphemus
VanDerwater, H. L., Khoder, K., & Botton, M. L. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-82315-3_34
Self-citation
Bibliography of water-quality studies in Gateway National Recreation Area, New York and New Jersey
Savoy, P. R., Marionkova, M., & Schubert, C. E. (2024) · Antarctica A Keystone in a Changing World · doi:10.3133/ofr20241035
The Risk of Bacillus Thuringiensis Contamination Towards Survivability of Carcinoscorpius Rotundicauda EggsPreprint
Ghaleb, R. A. M., Nelson, B. R., Sheikh, H. I., Kadir, N. H. A., Sidique, S. N. M., Kumaran, J. V., Meilana, L., Parimannan, S., Kumar, H., & Wei, S. S. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5358409
Abnormal xiphosurids, with possible application to Cambrian trilobitesPreprint
Pates, S., Bicknell, R. D. C., & Botton, M. L. (2018) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints)
Self-citation
Bacillus thuringiensis contamination as a biological hazard to embryogenesis of Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda in Malaysian tropical coasts
Ghaleb, R. A. M., Wei, S. S., Kumar, H., Kadir, N. H. A., Sheikh, H. I., Meilana, L., Sidique, S. N. M., Parimannan, S., Kumaran, J. V., & Nelson, B. R. (2026) · Marine Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.marenvres.2026.108102
Comprehensive insights into the toxicological disruption of cadmium to juvenile Tachypleus tridentatus: From physiological impairments to multi-omics alterations
Li, Y., Li, G., Li, Z., & Hu, F. (2026) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2026.120489
Local factors affecting morphological abnormalities in the mud shrimp, Upogebia major, inhabiting mud tidal flats of the Seto Inland Sea
Ubaldo, J. P. (2014) · Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB) · doi:10.18926/52608

Authors: Itow, T., Loveland, R. E., & Botton, M. L.
Affiliations: Shizuoka University (JP)
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
ORCID: Botton, M. L.
Venue: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 1998-07-01
Volume: 35
Issue: 1
Pages: 33-40
ISSN: 0090-4341 (ISSN-L)
1432-0703
DOI: 10.1007/s002449900345
OpenAlex: W2015106612
Cited by: 70
References: 5
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 1
FWCI: 0.69
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Heavy Metal Exposure and Toxicity
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Mercury impact and mitigation studies
Keywords: heavy metal toxicity, developmental abnormalities, organotin compounds, mercury, cadmium, lead, copper, zinc, ocular malformations, cytochalasin B, morphogenetic movements, embryonic malformations, Delaware Bay

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Developmental Abnormalities in Horseshoe Crab Embryos Caused by Exposure to Heavy Metals

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks