Regulatory systems for gene expression control in cyanobacteria
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and light. Strategies for genetic engineering and tightly controlled gene expression are essential for the biotechnological application of these organisms. Numerous heterologous or native promoter systems were used for constitutive and inducible expression, yet many of them suffer either from leakiness or from a low expression output. Anyway, in recent years, existing systems have been improved and new promoters have been discovered or engineered for cyanobacteria. Moreover, alternative tools and strategies for expression control such as riboswitches, riboregulators or genetic circuits have been developed. In this mini-review, we provide a broad overview on the different tools and approaches for the regulation of gene expression in cyanobacteria and explain their advantages and disadvantages.
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Theophylline-responsive riboswitches have been demonstrated to regulate gene expression across multiple phylogenetically diverse cyanobacterial species including Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942, Anabaena sp. PCC 7120, and non-model strains, and offer several practical advantages-no additional protein components required, rapid response, and minimal metabolic burden.
“Riboswitches represent a complementary post-transcriptional regulatory layer operating entirely at the RNA level through ligand-induced conformational changes in the 5′ untranslated region of mRNAs; theophylline-responsive riboswitches have been demonstrated to regulate gene expression across multiple phylogenetically diverse cyanobacterial species including Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942, Anaba”
From Cyanobacteria as a Photosynthetic Chassis for Metabolic Pathway Engineering with Heterologous Gene Expression (2026) · cites this paper as [103]
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredImplementing dynamic regulatory systems could enable modulation of pathway expression based on cellular conditions, light availability, carbon status, redox balance, or product accumulation.
“Implementing dynamic regulatory systems could enable modulation of pathway expression based on cellular conditions, light availability, carbon status, redox balance, or product accumulation [103].”
From Cyanobacteria as a Photosynthetic Chassis for Metabolic Pathway Engineering with Heterologous Gene Expression (2026) · cites this paper as [103]
The 'Native, inducible promoters' section describes cyanobacterial promoters that respond to environmental and metabolic conditions, including light and CO2 limitation. The 'Multicomponent regulatory systems and regulatory circuits' section also describes circuits that control gene expression in response to signals. Our copy does not establish regulation based specifically on redox balance or product accumulation, so those examples are unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredInducible systems facilitate temporal regulation of heterologous protein production.
“These systems facilitate temporal regulation of heterologous protein production [102,103].”
From Cyanobacteria as a Photosynthetic Chassis for Metabolic Pathway Engineering with Heterologous Gene Expression (2026) · cites this paper as [103]
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References 121 · Cited by 54
- Authors
- Till, P., Toepel, J., Bühler, B., Mach, R. L., & Mach-Aigner, A. R.
- Affiliations
- TU Wien (AT)
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Mach-Aigner, Astrid R.
- Venue
- Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
- Published
- 2020-01-22
- Volume
- 104
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1977-1991
- ISSN
- 0175-7598 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-0614
- PMC
- PMC7007895
- OpenAlex
- W3002050175
- Cited by
- 54
- References
- 121
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 0.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Austrian Science Fund (P26618, P26733)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Microbial Metabolic Engineering and Bioproduction
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gene Regulatory Network Analysis
- Keywords
- cyanobacteria, gene expression regulation, promoter, inducible promoters, leakiness, riboswitches, riboregulators, synthetic gene circuits, heterologous expression, light regulation, genetic engineering
- MeSH terms
- Cyanobacteria, Genetic Engineering, Promoter Regions, Genetic, Gene Expression, Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial, RNA, Small Interfering, Gene Regulatory Networks, Synthetic Biology, Riboswitch
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