The cytokine-HPA axis feed-back circuit
Abstract
Due to their anti-inflammatory effects and their capacity to affect the synthesis of most cytokines and the Th1/Th2 balance, endogenous glucocorticoids contribute to control the basal operation of immune cells. Immune processes result in the production of cytokines, such as IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-11, IL-12, TNF-alpha, and INF-gamma, which can activate the HPA axis. In turn, the resulting increase in glucocorticoid blood levels can affect immune cell activity directly or by controlling the production of cytokines, suggesting the existence of an immunoregulatory cytokine-HPA axis circuit. There is evidence that this circuit plays a relevant role in controlling excessive inflammatory reactions and the non-specific expansion of immune cells with no or low affinity for the antigen that triggers an immune response.
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Cytokines stimulate corticotrophin-releasing hormone and adrenocorticotropic hormone and activate the HPA axis.
“Cytokines stimulate corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and activate the HPA axis[25].”
From Neuroinflammation and cytokine abnormality in major depression: cause or consequence in that illness? (2016) · cites this paper as [25]
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References 6 · Cited by 146
- Authors
- Besedovsky, H. O., & del Rey, A.
- Affiliations
- Philipps University of Marburg (DE)
- ORCID
- Besedovsky, H.O.
- Venue
- Zeitschrift für Rheumatologie
- Published
- 2000-10
- Volume
- 59
- Issue
- S2
- Pages
- II26-II30
- ISSN
- 0340-1855 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1562629562
- Cited by
- 146
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 1.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Zeitschrift für Rheumatologie (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cytokine Signaling Pathways and Interactions
- Keywords
- hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, glucocorticoids, cytokines, Th1/Th2 balance, immune regulation, inflammation, interleukin-1, interleukin-6, TNF-α, interferon-gamma, IL-12, interleukin-11, interleukin-2, immune cell activation, glucocorticoid negative feedback
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Autoimmune Diseases, Feedback, Humans, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Rheumatic Diseases, Cytokines, Th1 Cells, Th2 Cells
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