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Vitamin D and the gut microbiome: a systematic review of in vivo studies
Abstract
Purpose Variation in the human microbiome has been linked with a variety of physiological functions, including immune regulation and metabolism and biosynthesis of vitamins, hormones, and neurotransmitters. Evidence for extraskeletal effects of vitamin D has been accruing and it has been suggested that the effect of vitamin D on health is partially mediated through the microbiome. We aimed to critically evaluate the evidence linking vitamin D and the gastrointestinal microbiome.Methods We systematically searched the Embase, Web of Science, PubMed and CINAHL databases, including peer-reviewed publications that reported an association between a measure of vitamin D and the gastrointestinal microbiome in humans or experimental animals.Results We included 10 mouse and 14 human studies. Mouse studies compared mice fed diets containing different levels of vitamin D (usually high versus low), or vitamin D receptor knockout or Cyp27B1 knockout with wild-type mice. Five mouse studies reported an increase in Bacteroidetes (or taxa within that phylum) in the low vitamin D diet or gene knockout group. Human studies were predominantly observational; all but two of the included studies found some association between vitamin D and the gut microbiome, but the nature of differences observed varied across studies.Conclusions Despite substantial heterogeneity, we found evidence to support the hypothesis that vitamin D influences the composition of the gastrointestinal microbiome. However, the research is limited, having been conducted either in mice or in mostly small, selected human populations. Future research in larger population-based studies is needed to fully understand the extent to which vitamin D modulates the microbiome.
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“A recent systematic review summarizing the evidence available from human and animal studies on the impact of vitamin D on the gut microbiota suggests that vitamin D status or supplementation can modulate microbiota composition; but with inconsistent data, especially from human studies, no trend is emerging yet (147).”
From Diet and the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health (2021) · cites this paper as [147]
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Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Waterhouse, M., Hope, B., Krause, L., Morrison, M., Protani, M. M., Zakrzewski, M., & Neale, R. E.
- Affiliations
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute (AU)
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- Venue
- European Journal of Nutrition
- Published
- 2018-10-15
- Volume
- 58
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 2895-2910
- ISSN
- 1436-6207 (ISSN-L)
- 1436-6215
- OpenAlex
- W2898073983
- Semantic Scholar
- 9f7f5a40a8a0f3fee79a6be0ee9a551af2affd2e
- Cited by
- 183
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 1.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- European Journal of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Health and Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Vitamin D Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Keywords
- vitamin D, gut microbiota, Bacteroidetes, vitamin D receptor, CYP27B1, vitamin D deficiency, diet, immune regulation, host-microbe interactions
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Animals, Diet, Humans, Vitamin D, Vitamins, Models, Animal, Mice
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