Neuronal and glial apoptosis in human traumatic brain injury

Dreßler, J.; Hanisch, U.; Kuhlisch, E.; Geiger, K. D.

doi:10.1007/s00414-006-0126-6

Cited by 94Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular DisturbancesTraumatic Brain Injury ResearchAutopsy Techniques and Outcomes

Neuronal and glial apoptosis in human traumatic brain injury

Dreßler, J., Hanisch, U., Kuhlisch, E., Geiger, K. D.·2007·International Journal of Legal Medicine

DOI 10.1007/s00414-006-0126-6

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Abstract

To establish reliable methods to aid the timing of brain damage after traumatic brain injury (TBI), brain tissue from 56 autopsy cases with TBI and known survival times, ranging from a few minutes to 126 days, were tested for apoptotic changes to the neuronal and glial cells. Apoptosis was established using the TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) method of in-situ labelling and immunohistochemical reaction of caspase 3. In addition, cellular reaction and astroglial cell differentiation were investigated using histological and immunohistochemical markers. From a survival time of 120 min up to 12 days, TUNEL-positive apoptotic neuronal cells were frequently detected in the contusion zone. The earliest positive caspase 3 reaction in cortical neurons was evident after a posttraumatic interval of 80 min. Detection of apoptotic glial cells using the TUNEL technique showed that as in the case of neuronal cells, the earliest positive TUNEL reaction was obtained after 110 min. In cases of survival times of 120 min up to 4 days, apoptotic glial cells could frequently be detected. However, the first caspase 3-positive glial cells appeared 5 h after injury. Cerebral apoptosis was significantly associated with TBI cases as compared to control cases (P<0.001). The reference histological findings of neutrophilic granulocytes, CD3-positive T-lymphocytes, CD68-positive activated microglial cells/macrophages and TUNEL-positive neuronal cells increases the degree of certainty in determ…

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Immunohistochemistry of Neuronal Apoptosis in Fatal Traumas: The Contribution of Forensic Molecular Pathology in Medical Science
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“…of brain injury and hematomas at the site or in the area adjacent to the injury has especially important criminological implications (Bratzke, 2004; Dressler et al., 2007; Hausmann & Betz, 2001; Hausmann et al., 1999; Hausmann et al., 2000; Oehmichen et al., 2003; Takamiya et al., 2007); however,…”
Background
Diffuse traumatic brain injury in mice is associated with a transient mismatch of cerebral blood flow and energy metabolism
Arkan, S., Gottschalk, M. E., Ansar, S., Bömers, J. P., Ehinger, J. K., Elmér, E., Chamkha, I., Karlsson, M., & Marklund, N. (2025) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1177/0271678x251364136 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“78 It commonly occurs in the cortex and hippocampus from 1 dpi up to 2 weeks post injury, based on the severity of injury and model of TBI.”
Vimentin and p53 Immunoreactivity in Cases of Traumatic Brain Injury
Manetti, A. C., Matteis, A. D., Napoletano, G., Russa, R. L., Maiese, A., & Frati, P. (2025) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm15040135 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“In human TBI, Dressler et al. showed that the earliest positive caspase 3 reaction in cortical neurons was evident after a post-traumatic interval of 80 min [12].”
Features of the cytokine profile of blood serum and cerebrospinal fluid in patients with traumatic brain injury
Dyukarev, V. V., Yudina, S., & Korolev, A. G. (2018) · Immunopathology, Allergology, Infectology · doi:10.14427/jipai.2018.3.27 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“В настоящее время доказано участие иммунной системы организма в развитии нейровоспалительного процесса в ответ на травму и повреждение мозга от разных причин [4,5].”
Temporal patterns of neutrophil recruitment and microthrombus formation in fatal traumatic brain injury: a forensic histopathological study.
Cecchi, R., Camatti, J., Ravazzoni, G., Schirripa, M. L., Campanini, N., Bugelli, V., & Santunione, A. L. (2026) · Forensic Science, Medicine, and Pathology · doi:10.1007/s12024-026-01297-4 · Cited by 1
Expression of RIPK-1 and S-100B in traumatic brain injury– exploring a forensic cases series
Napoletano, G., Marinelli, E., Palla, L., Zaami, S., & Maiese, A. (2024) · Zeitschrift für Rechtsmedizin · doi:10.1007/s00414-024-03400-2 · Cited by 1
“They utilized anti-caspase 3 antibodies and TUNEL staining showing that neurons expressed caspase 3 starting from 1 h after trauma, while both glial cells and neurons tested positive for TUNEL staining after 2 h [12].”
Zebrafish As a Promising Experimental Model of Traumatic Brain Injury
Shevlyakov, A. D., Ilyin, N. P., Galstyan, D., Ikrin, A. N., Kolesnikova, T. O., Apukhtin, K. V., Kotova, M. M., Nikitin, V. S., Amstislavskaya, T. G., & Kalueff, A. V. (2024) · Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology · doi:10.1134/s0022093024020133 · Cited by 1
Myelin degradation, axonal changes and expression trajectories of glial cells stimulated by rapid head insult in humans to estimate approximate time elapsed since trauma
Sharma, M., Subramanian, A., Suri, V., Mathur, P., Prakash, S., Chakraborty, N., Agrawal, D., Pandey, R., Raina, A., Malhotra, R., et al. (2023) · Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences · doi:10.1186/s41935-023-00341-6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Fatal Intracerebral Hemorrhage During “Muay Thai” in a 21-Year-Old Man With Undiagnosed Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Caputo, F., Barranco, R., Orcioni, G. F., Frigiolini, F., & Ventura, F. (2020) · American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology · doi:10.1097/paf.0000000000000575 · Cited by 1
Plumbagin protects rat cortical neurons from mechanical trauma injury-induced apoptosis by inhibiting NOX4/ROS/p38 MAPK pathway
Zhang, Q., Fu, H., Gong, W., Cao, F., & Wu, T. (2025) · Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine · doi:10.22038/ajp.2025.25704 · Cited by 1
Developing Successful Neuroprotective Treatments for TBI: Translational Approaches, Novel Directions, Opportunities and Challenges
Mondello, S., & Hasan, A. (2020) · Frontiers Research Topics · doi:10.3389/978-2-88963-449-1 · Cited by 1
Study of the Prognostic Relevance of Longitudinal Brain Atrophy in Post-traumatic Diffuse Axonal Injury Using Graph-Based MRI Segmentation Techniques
Monti, E., Pedoia, V., Binaghi, E., & Balbi, S. (2014) · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-04039-4_14 · Cited by 1
“because for the same level of depthness of coma at the arrival in ICU, sometimes different trajectories of recovery are followed by different patients [20].”
Background
The Dual Roles of Extracellular Vesicle Subtypes in Regulating Traumatic Brain Injury
Zhang, X., Zhou, C., & Xu, Y. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27125322
“…impedes the neuroinflammation promoted by the accumulated cellular debris and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines; on the other hand, slow or defective clearance of ApoBDs instigates sustained neuroinflammation, which aggravates secondary brain injury and deteriorates clinical outcome [81].”
Histological investigation of amygdala in horned and hornless ewes
Yarar, B., Öztürk, C., Aydın, M. D., & Keleş, O. N. (2026) · Veterinary Research Forum · doi:10.30466/vrf.2024.2038643.4406
“34,35 Neuronal apoptosis to eliminate unnecessary neurons after traumatic injury may be a physiological and protective response to damage, 36 however, premature or impaired apoptosis is observed in the pathological process of many neurodegenerative diseases.”
Electrode stimulation parameter modifications elicit differential glial cell responses in vitro over a short 4-h timecourse.
Tsui, C., Mirkiani, S., Roszko, D. A., Birtle, M. J., DeCorby, A. E., Churchward, M., Mushahwar, V., & Todd, K. G. (2025) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2025.123478
Zebrafish аs а Promising Experimental Model of Traumatic Brain Injury
Shevlyakov, A. D., Ilyin, N. P., Galstyan, D., Ikrin, A. N., Kolesnikova, T. O., Apukhtin, K. V., Kotova, M. M., Nikitin, V. S., Amstislavskaya, T. G., Petersen, E. V., et al. (2024) · Российский физиологический журнал им И М Сеченова · doi:10.31857/s0869813924030024
Behavioral, Genomic and Neurochemical Deficits Evoked by Neurotrauma in Adult Zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Ilyin, N. P., Galstyan, D., Demin, K., & Kalueff, A. V. (2023) · Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology · doi:10.1134/s0022093023060224
Considerations on cases of diffuse axonal injury autopsied in the Institute of Forensic Medicine Iasi, Romania
Hunea, I. (2022) · Revista Medico-Chirurgicala · doi:10.22551/msj.2022.03.04
“However, DAI have a particularly negative impact on outcomes, as patients are frequently left with severe motor, cognitive and behavioral impairments (9).”
Background
Immunohistochemical investigation of caspase-3 in neuronal apoptosis after experimental closed head trauma
Aktas, C., Kanter, M., Uzun, D., & Fidanol, Z. (2011) · doi:10.5835/jecm.v28i3.1009001882
“Our results are in agree- ment with reports of other workers, which suggest that closed head trauma caused apotosis in the frontal cortex (Stone et al., 2002; Lau et al., 2006; Dressler et al., 2007; Kilbourne et al., 2009; Kim et al., 2010).”
Result

Authors: Dreßler, J., Hanisch, U., Kuhlisch, E., & Geiger, K. D.
Affiliations: Technische Universität Dresden (DE)
Corresponding author: Dreßler, J.
ORCID: Dreßler, J.
Kuhlisch, E.
Geiger, K. D.
Venue: International Journal of Legal Medicine
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2006-11-15
Volume: 121
Issue: 5
Pages: 365-375
ISSN: 0044-3433 (ISSN-L)
0937-9827
1437-1596
DOI: 10.1007/s00414-006-0126-6
OpenAlex: W2006743483
Cited by: 94
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 7
FWCI: 1.62
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: International Journal of Legal Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Autopsy Techniques and Outcomes
Keywords: traumatic brain injury, apoptosis, neuronal apoptosis, caspase-3, TUNEL, bruising, postmortem interval estimation, postmortem brain, microglial activation, T cells, forensic neuropathology
MeSH terms: CD68 Molecule, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Brain, Brain Injuries, Female, Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein, Humans, Immunohistochemistry, Lymphocytes, Male, Middle Aged, Neuroglia, Neurons, Prospective Studies, Time Factors, Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic, Antigens, CD, Apoptosis, In Situ Nick-End Labeling, Forensic Pathology, Caspase 3

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Neuronal and glial apoptosis in human traumatic brain injury

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