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Sport events and climate for visitors—the case of FIFA World Cup in Qatar 2022
Abstract
The effect of weather on sport events is not well studied. It requires special attention if the event is taking place at a time and place with extreme weather situations. For the world soccer championship in Qatar (Doha 2022), human biometeorological analysis has been performed in order to identify the time of the year that is most suitable in terms of thermal comfort for visitors attending the event. The analysis is based on thermal indices like Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET). The results show that this kind of event may be not appropriate for visitors, if it is placed during months with extreme conditions. For Doha, this is the period from May to September, when conditions during a large majority of hours of the day cause strong heat stress for the visitors. A more appropriate time would be the months November to February, when thermally comfortable conditions are much more frequent. The methods applied here can quantify the thermal conditions and show limitations and possibilities for specific events and locations.
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“Our study represents a methodological advancement over prior studies that have relied solely on retrospective analyses (e.g. Kakamu et al. 2017; Matzarakis and Fröhlich 2015; Matzarakis et al. 2018).”
From Forecasting thermal stress for sports tourists at the 2026 FIFA World Cup (2024) · cites this paper as Matzarakis and Fröhlich 2015
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“Matzarakis and Fröhlich (2015) analysed historical meteorological data for the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar, observing extreme thermal stress risks from May to September.”
From Forecasting thermal stress for sports tourists at the 2026 FIFA World Cup (2024) · cites this paper as Matzarakis and Fröhlich (2015)
Citations
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References 14 · Cited by 64
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Fanger PO (1972) Thermal comfort. McGraw-Hill, New York
- Höppe PR (1984) Die Energiebilanz des Menschen (Dissertation). Wissenschaftliche Mitteilungen des Meteorologischen Instituts der Universität München 49
- Matzarakis A (2013) The dilemma in thermal comfort estimations in urban areas. In: Georgiadis T, Lokoshchenko MA, Screti C, Vagnoli C (eds) Two hundred years of urban meteorology in the heart of Florence”. Proceedings of the International Conference on Urban Climate and History of Meteorology, pp 3–11
- Matzarakis A, Mayer H (1996) Another kind of environmental stress: thermal stress. WHO Newslett 18:7–10
- Walter H, Lieth H (1960) Klimadiagram-Weltatlas. VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena (in German)
Metadata
- Authors
- Matzarakis, A., & Fröhlich, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Freiburg (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Fröhlich, Dominik
- Venue
- International Journal of Biometeorology
- Published
- 2014-08-14
- Volume
- 59
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 481-486
- ISSN
- 0020-7128 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-1254
- OpenAlex
- W1981048880
- Cited by
- 64
- References
- 14
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 1.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- International Journal of Biometeorology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- FreiDok plus (Universitätsbibliothek Freiburg) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Urban Heat Island Mitigation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Thermoregulation and physiological responses
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Climate Change and Health Impacts
- Keywords
- 2022 FIFA World Cup, Qatar, sports events, thermal comfort, heat stress, physiological equivalent temperature, event timing, extreme heat, event visitors
- MeSH terms
- Acclimatization, Body Temperature, Climate, Environmental Monitoring, Humans, Male, Qatar, Soccer, Temperature, Travel, Athletic Performance
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- Matzarakis, A., & Fröhlich, D. (2015). Sport events and climate for visitors—the case of FIFA World Cup in Qatar 2022. International Journal of Biometeorology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-014-0886-5
