Cited by 160COVID-19 Clinical Research StudiesCOVID-19 epidemiological studiesSex and Gender in Healthcare

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Sex and age differences in COVID-19 mortality in Europe

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Ahrenfeldt, Linda Juel, Otavova, Martina, Christensen, Kaare, Lindahl-Jacobsen, Rune·2021·Wiener klinische Wochenschrift

DOI 10.1007/s00508-020-01793-9PMC PMC7755064

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Abstract

Aim To examine the magnitude of sex differences in survival from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Europe across age groups and regions. We hypothesized that men have a higher mortality than women at any given age but that sex differences will decrease with age as only the healthiest men survive to older ages.Methods We used population data from the Institut National D'Études Démographiques on cumulative deaths due to COVID-19 from February to June 2020 in 10 European regions: Denmark, Norway, Sweden, The Netherlands, England and Wales, France, Germany, Italy, Spain and Portugal. For each region, we calculated cumulative mortality rates stratified by age and sex and corresponding relative risks for men vs. women.Results The relative risk of dying from COVID-19 was higher for men than for women in almost all age groups in all regions. The overall relative risk ranged from 1.11 (95% confidence interval, CI 1.01-1.23) in Portugal to 1.54 (95% CI 1.49-1.58) in France. In most regions, sex differences increased until the ages of 60-69 years, but decreased thereafter with the smallest sex difference at age 80+ years.Conclusion Despite variability in data collection and time coverage among regions, the study showed an overall similar pattern of sex differences in COVID-19 mortality in Europe.

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Authors: Ahrenfeldt, L. J., Otavova, M., Christensen, K., & Lindahl-Jacobsen, R.
Affiliations: University of Southern Denmark (DK)
Corresponding author: Ahrenfeldt, Linda Juel
ORCID: Ahrenfeldt, Linda Juel
Otavova, Martina
Christensen, Kaare
Venue: Wiener klinische Wochenschrift
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2020-12-22
Volume: 133
Issue: 7-8
Pages: 393-398
ISSN: 0043-5325 (ISSN-L)
1613-7671
DOI: 10.1007/s00508-020-01793-9
PMC: PMC7755064
OpenAlex: W3116614361
Cited by: 160
References: 34
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 63 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 2
FWCI: 4.20
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
www.springer.com/tdm (vor)
Locations: Wiener klinische Wochenschrift (publishedVersion)
Research Square (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (submittedVersion, cc-by)
University of Southern Denmark Research Portal (University of Southern Denmark) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders: National Institute on Aging (P01AG031719)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Modeling and Simulation › COVID-19 epidemiological studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Sex and Gender in Healthcare
Keywords: COVID-19 pandemic, sex differences, age differences, case fatality rate, mortality, women, men

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Sex and age differences in COVID-19 mortality in Europe

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