Stability and prediction of schizophrenia from adolescence to adulthood
Abstract
Stability of schizophrenia diagnosis from adolescence to adulthood, antecedents of schizophrenia, and differences in developmental and behavioural histories between subjects with early onset schizophrenia (EOS) and with adult onset schizophrenia (AOS) were investigated in 145 adult subjects diagnosed with mental disorders in adolescence and re-diagnosed on the basis of medical records according to DSM-IV.A very high diagnostic stability schizophrenia was demonstrated at the 28-year follow-up. Several factors, including neurological adversities, delayed language development, low IQ, and congenital functional disability, differentiated significantly between schizophrenic subjects and non-schizophrenic subjects. Histories of concussion, physical abuse, parental divorce, and unstable familial context differentiated significantly between EOS and AOS subjects. Our findings support earlier evidence of schizophrenia being a chronic disorder with high diagnostic stability, and confirm the importance of neurological adversities, delayed language development, and low IQ as factors predictive of schizophrenia. Exploration of four case histories of AOS subjects delineates "pre-schizophrenic warning cluster" where combination of neurological adversities, temperamental problems, antisocial behaviour, preference for solitary play, and unstable family system constitute main factors.
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A preference for solitary play in childhood seems to predict SCZ.
“A preference for solitary play in childhood seems to predict SCZ (Helgeland and Torgersen 2005; Jones et al. 1994)”
From Neurexin1α knockout in rats causes aberrant social behaviour: relevance for autism and schizophrenia (2025) · cites this paper as Helgeland and Torgersen 2005
Impaired social interactions or social withdrawal during youth is thought to worsen the symptoms of ASD and SCZ.
“Indeed, impaired social interactions or social withdrawal during youth is thought to worsen the symptoms of ASD and SCZ (Helgeland and Torgersen 2005; Jones et al. 1994; Jordan 2003)”
From Neurexin1α knockout in rats causes aberrant social behaviour: relevance for autism and schizophrenia (2025) · cites this paper as Helgeland and Torgersen 2005
Cites
Premorbid adjustment and personality in people with schizophrenia†
Malmberg, A., Lewis, G., David, A., & Allebeck, P. (1998) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.172.4.308 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
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The neurobiology of social play and its rewarding value in rats
Vanderschuren, L. J. M. J., Achterberg, E. J. M., & Trezza, V. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.025 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Marquardt, A. E., VanRyzin, J. W., Fuquen, R. W., & McCarthy, M. M. (2023) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2022.1076765 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Indeed, deficits in play are core symptoms of neurodevelopmental disorders like autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and early onset schizophrenia (Alessandri, 1992; Jones et al., 1994; Møller and Husby, 2000; Jordan, 2003; Helgeland and Torgersen, 2005), many of which also exhibit robus…”
BackgroundNeurexin1α knockout in rats causes aberrant social behaviour: relevance for autism and schizophrenia
Achterberg, E. J. M., Biemans, B., & Vanderschuren, L. J. M. J. (2025) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-024-06559-z · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Importantly, ASD and SCZ manifest already in childhood or adolescence, indicating that the development of the social brain is a process vulnerable to early disturbances.”
Influential
- Authors
- Helgeland, M. I., & Torgersen, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Oslo (NO)
- ORCID
- Torgersen, Svenn
- Venue
- European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
- Published
- 2005-03
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 83-94
- ISSN
- 1018-8827 (ISSN-L)
- 1435-165X
- OpenAlex
- W2091779187
- Cited by
- 35
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 0.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- EkstraStiftelsen Helse og Rehabilitering (Stiftelsen Dam)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- schizophrenia, diagnostic stability, early-onset schizophrenia, adult-onset schizophrenia, adolescence, risk factors, language delay, low IQ, concussion, physical abuse, parental divorce, family instability, antisocial behavior, solitary play
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Human Development, Male, Middle Aged, Norway, Predictive Value of Tests, Prognosis, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology, Age of Onset
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