Severe psychosocial stress and heavy cigarette smoking during pregnancy: an examination of the pre- and perinatal risk factors associated with ADHD and Tourette syndrome
Open accessAbstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is frequently diagnosed in children with Tourette syndrome (TS). The basis for this co-occurrence is uncertain. This study aimed to determine if specific pre- and perinatal risk factors, including heavy maternal smoking and severe psychosocial stress during pregnancy, were associated with one or both disorders, or neither. We compared maternal report data on pre- and perinatal risk factors on 222 children between the ages of 7 and 18 years including 45 individuals with TS alone, 52 individuals with ADHD alone, 60 individuals with condition of comorbid TS + ADHD, and 65 unaffected control children. Pre- and perinatal histories as well as psychiatric assessments were performed using standardized questionnaires and semi-structured interviews with the mothers and children. Logistic regression was used to determine the odds ratio for each variable of interest. Compared to the mothers of unaffected control children, the mothers of children with ADHD alone reported higher rates of heavy smoking (>10 cigarettes per day) during pregnancy and higher levels of severe psychosocial stress during pregnancy (OR = 13.5, p < 0.01 and OR = 6.8, p < 0.002, respectively). The TS + ADHD and the TS alone patients also had higher rates heavy maternal smoking and high levels of psychosocial stress compared to the control children, but these differences failed to reach statistical significance (heavy smoking: OR = 8.5, p < 0.052, OR = 4.6, p < 0.19, respectively; severe psychosocial stress: OR = 3.1, p < 0.07, OR = 2.6, p < 0.11, respectively). Heavy maternal smoking and severe levels psychosocial stress during pregnancy were independently associated with a diagnosis of ADHD. TS patients also had higher rates of these risk factors, but the ORs failed to reach statistical significance. Efforts are needed to reduce the frequency of these risk factors in high-risk populations. Future studies, using genetically sensitive designs, are also needed to sort out the causal pathways.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In rats, prenatal stress decreases the propensity to play in juvenile offspring and impairs sociality and extinction of conditioned fear lasting into adulthood.
“while in rats, prenatal stress decreases the propensity to play in juvenile offspring and impairs sociality and extinction of conditioned fear lasting into adulthood (Welberg and Seckl, 2001;Motlagh et al., 2010;Green et al., 2011).”
From Glutamate receptors in domestication and modern human evolution (2020) · cites this paper as Motlagh et al., 2010
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
The citation lists haven’t been fetched yet
References 60 · Cited by 127
- Authors
- Motlagh, M. G., Katsovich, L., Thompson, N., Lin, H., Kim, Y.-S., Scahill, L., Lombroso, P. J., King, R. A., Peterson, B. S., & Leckman, J. F.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- New York State Psychiatric Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Motlagh, Maria G.
- Leckman, James F.
- ORCID
- Venue
- European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
- Published
- 2010-06-08
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 755-764
- ISSN
- 1018-8827 (ISSN-L)
- 1435-165X
- PMC
- PMC3932440
- OpenAlex
- W2058544560
- Cited by
- 127
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 6.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5k02mh074677-05)
- National Institute of Mental Health (K02 MH074677-01, MH066187, R21MH080959, P01MH049351, R01MH059139, K01MH079317, K05MH076273, R01MH066187, K02MH001527, K02-MH-074677, T32MH018268)
- National Center for Research Resources (M01RR000125, RR00125)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Tourette syndrome, smoking during pregnancy, perinatal risk factors, prenatal risk factors
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Female, Tourette Syndrome, Humans, Male, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Smoking, Social Environment, Stress, Psychological, Logistic Models, Odds Ratio
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
