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Artificial recharge of groundwater: hydrogeology and engineering
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Abstract. Artificial recharge of groundwater is achieved by putting surface water in basins, furrows, ditches, or other facilities where it infiltrates into the soil and moves downward to recharge aquifers. Artificial recharge is increasingly used for short- or long-term underground storage, where it has several advantages over surface storage, and in water reuse. Artificial recharge requires permeable surface soils. Where these are not available, trenches or shafts in the unsaturated zone can be used, or water can be directly injected into aquifers through wells. To design a system for artificial recharge of groundwater, infiltration rates of the soil must be determined and the unsaturated zone between land surface and the aquifer must be checked for adequate permeability and absence of polluted areas. The aquifer should be sufficiently transmissive to avoid excessive buildup of groundwater mounds. Knowledge of these conditions requires field investigations and, if no fatal flaws are detected, test basins to predict system performance. Water-quality issues must be evaluated, especially with respect to formation of clogging layers on basin bottoms or other infiltration surfaces, and to geochemical reactions in the aquifer. Clogging layers are managed by desilting or other pretreatment of the water, and by remedial techniques in the infiltration system, such as drying, scraping, disking, ripping, or other tillage. Recharge wells should be pumped periodically to backwash clogging layers. Electronic supplementary material to this paper can be obtained by using the Springer LINK server located at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-001-0182-4.Résumé. La recharge artificielle des nappes est réalisée à partir d'eau de surface dans des bassins, des tranchées, des fossés et d'autres dispositifs où l'eau s'infiltre dans le sol et s'écoule vers le bas pour recharger les aquifères. La recharge artificielle est utilisée de plus en plus pour stocker l'eau souterraine à court et à long terme, là où cela présente des avantages sur le stockage d'eaux de surface, et pour le recyclage des eaux usées. La recharge artificielle nécessite des sols perméables en surface. Lorsque ce n'est pas le cas, on peut utiliser des tranchées ou des puits dans la zone non saturée, ou bien on peut injecter directement l'eau dans les aquifères à partir de puits. Pour réaliser un système destiné à la recharge artificielle de nappe, les taux d'infiltration du sol doivent être déterminés et on doit contrôler que la zone non saturée entre la surface et l'aquifère présente une perméabilité adéquate et ne possède pas de zones polluées. L'aquifère doit être suffisamment transmissif afin d'éviter l'apparition de dômes piézométriques excessifs. La connaissance de ces conditions nécessite des études de terrain et, si aucun défaut fatal n'est détecté, des bassins tests pour prévoir les performances du système. La qualité des eaux introduites doit être évaluée, en particulier en ce qui concerne la formation de colmatages au fond des bassins ou d'autres dispositifs d'infiltration, ainsi que les réactions géochimiques au sein de l'aquifère. Les colmatages sont évités par décantation ou par un autre pré-traitement de l'eau, et par des techniques d'entretien du système d'infiltration, comme le séchage, le raclage, le passage de disques, de herse ou d'autres instruments de labour. Les puits de recharge doivent être pompés périodiquement pour les décolmater.Resumen. La recarga artificial de acuíferos consiste en disponer agua superficial en balsas, surcos, zanjas o cualquier otro tipo de dispositivo, desde donde se infiltra y alcanza el acuífero. La recarga artificial experimenta un uso creciente para almacenar agua a corto o largo plazo, ya que presenta varias ventajas con respecto al almacenamiento en superficie, así como para reutilización. La recarga artificial requiere suelos permeables, por lo que se debe recurrir a zanjas o minas en la zona no saturada, o bien inyectar el agua directamente en el acuífero por medio de pozos. Para diseñar un sistema de recarga artificial, se debe determinar la tasa de infiltración del suelo y verificar que la zona no saturada entre la superficie del terreno y el acuífero tiene una permeabilidad adecuada, y que no existe zonas contaminadas. El acuífero debe ser suficientemente transmisivo para evitar un ascenso excesivo del nivel piezométrico. El conocimiento de estas condiciones requiere investigaciones de campo y, si no se detecta inconvenientes graves, ensayos con balsas para predecir el rendimiento del sistema. Los aspectos de calidad del agua también han de ser evaluados, especialmente en lo que respecta a la formación de capas colmatantes en el fondo de las balsas u otras superficies de infiltración y a las reacciones geoquímicas en el acuífero. Las capas colmatantes se pueden evitar mediante el filtrado u otros pretratamientos del agua, así como mediante la restauración de la capacidad de infiltración del sistema con técnicas como el secado, retirada, lijado, escarificado u otras técnicas de roturación. Los pozos de recarga deben ser bombeados periódicamente para desprender los materiales colmatantes.
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Emerging organic contaminants in groundwater: A review of sources, fate and occurrence
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Metadata
- Authors
- Bouwer, H.
- Venue
- Hydrogeology Journal
- Published
- 2002-01-26
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 121-142
- ISSN
- 1431-2174 (ISSN-L)
- 1435-0157
- OpenAlex
- W2100667239
- Cited by
- 1,070
- References
- 17
- FWCI
- 10.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
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