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Greener deep reinforcement learning: analysis of energy and carbon efficiency across Atari benchmarks
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“Agentic systems further increase training-and deployment-time carbon footprints as interactions unfold over multi-stage workflows (Gardner et al., 2025).”
From The landscape of agentic reinforcement learning for LLMs: a survey (2025) · cites this paper as Gardner et al., 2025
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“Other studies, such as [13], extended this perspective by suggesting standardized protocols for energy and hardware efficiency reporting.”
The Carbon Footprint of Machine Learning Training Will Plateau, Then Shrink
Patterson, D., Gonzalez, J., Holzle, U., Le, Q., Liang, C., Munguia, L.-M., Rothchild, D., So, D. R., Texier, M., & Dean, J. (2022) · Computer · doi:10.1109/mc.2022.3148714 · Cited by 400
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Cited by
The landscape of agentic reinforcement learning for LLMs: a survey
Zhang, G., Geng, H., Yu, X., Yin, Z., Zhang, Z., Tan, Z., Zhou, H., Li, Z., Xue, X., Li, Y., et al. (2025) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2509.02547 · Cited by 229
Metadata
- Authors
- Gardner, J., Dutta, A., Roy, S., Patrick Kreidl, O., & Bölöni, L.
- Venue
- Artificial Intelligence Review
- Published
- 2026-03-27
- Volume
- 59
- Issue
- 6
- ISSN
- 1573-7462
- Cited by
- 2
- References
- 5
- Language
- en
- Licence
- creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 (tdm)
- creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 (vor, 56 d)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation, United States (1932300)
- National Science Foundation (1931767)
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- Gardner, J., Dutta, A., Roy, S., Patrick Kreidl, O., & Bölöni, L. (2026). Greener deep reinforcement learning: analysis of energy and carbon efficiency across Atari benchmarks. Artificial Intelligence Review. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-026-11520-x
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