Raised by depressed parents: is it an environmental risk?
Open accessAbstract
The mechanisms explaining how parental depression compromises healthy child development are complex and multifaceted, with genetic and environmental pathways intertwined. Reexamination of whether and how maternal and paternal depression serve as environmental risk factors is important because such an investigation can be helpful to identify modifiable mechanisms that are accessible to interventions. We review studies that have employed designs that isolate the effects of the environment from genetic influences, including adoption studies and children of twins studies. Findings indicate that maternal depression is an environmental risk factor for the emotional, behavioral, and neurobiological development of children. Although more studies are needed, preliminary findings suggest that paternal depression appears to be a weaker environmental risk as compared to maternal depression, at least during infancy and toddlerhood. Implications for theory and future research are discussed.
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Being raised by a depressed father may be an environmental risk for offspring development.
“Being raised by a depressed father may thus constitute an 'environmental' risk for offspring development (Natsuaki et al. 2014).”
From The effects of paternal depression on child and adolescent outcomes: A systematic review (2016) · cites this paper as Natsuaki et al. 2014
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References 65 · Cited by 134
- Authors
- Natsuaki, M. N., Shaw, D. S., Neiderhiser, J. M., Ganiban, J. M., Harold, G. T., Reiss, D., & Leve, L. D.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Riverside (US)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- George Washington University (US)
- University of Sussex (GB)
- Yale University (US)
- University of Oregon (US)
- Corresponding author
- Natsuaki, Misaki N.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review
- Published
- 2014-05-10
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 357-367
- ISSN
- 1096-4037 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2827
- PMC
- PMC4224978
- OpenAlex
- W2039162726
- Cited by
- 134
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 0.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Sussex Research Online (University of Sussex) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH092118)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA020585, P50DA035763)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R56HD042608, R01HD042608)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Family Support in Illness
- Keywords
- parental depression, maternal depression, paternal depression, environmental risk factors, child development, emotional development, behavioral development, brain development, adoption studies, gene-environment interaction
- MeSH terms
- Child, Child Development, Child, Preschool, Depressive Disorder, Environment, Humans, Infant, Mothers, Child of Impaired Parents
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