Racial Threat and Crime Control: Integrating Theory on Race and Extending its Application
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Other research has found evidence of disproportionately long sentence lengths for Native people convicted of crimes in general, longer than sentences for white and Latine people but shorter than those for Black people.
“Other research has found evidence of disproportionately long sentence lengths for Native people convicted of crimes in general (longer than sentences for white and Latine people, but shorter than those for Black people) (J.Smith 2020; Franklin 2011).”
From Indigenous Carceral System Inequalities in the US: A Synthesis of the Literature About the Nature and Sources (2025) · cites this paper as J.Smith 2020
Cites
Down, Out, and Under Arrest: Policing and Everyday Life in Skid Row
Stuart, F. (2016) · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226370958.001.0001 · Cited by 388 · see citing works
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Vélez, M. B., & Peguero, A. A. (2023) · Annual Review of Criminology · doi:10.1146/annurev-criminol-030920-120002 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Tabbutt, K. (2025) · Sociology Compass · doi:10.1111/soc4.70123 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Smith, J.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina Wilmington (US)
- Corresponding author
- Smith, Justin
- ORCID
- Smith, Justin
- Venue
- Critical Criminology
- Published
- 2020-01-18
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 253-271
- ISSN
- 0847-2971 (ISSN-L)
- 1205-8629
- 1572-9877
- OpenAlex
- W2999885939
- Cited by
- 36
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 8.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Critical Criminology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Policing Practices and Perceptions
- Social Sciences › Law › Criminal Justice and Penology
- Keywords
- racial threat, crime control, racial bias, racial disparities, race relations, criminal justice system, structural racism, historical racism, criminological theory, epistemology of race
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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