The DOI matches its Crossref record; 87 of the 91 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 7 of the 103 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
The Land of Opportunity: Bioarchaeological Perspectives of Women’s Lives in the Industrial Expansion into the Western UNITED STATES (1850–1915)
Open accessAbstract
Taking a bioarchaeological approach that puts human skeletal remains in context with historical records, we reconstruct the experiences of three women who lived in the West during the 1800s and early 1900s. Telling the stories of one woman from a homestead outside the city of Las Vegas, Nevada and two women recovered from a sand dune near Walters Ferry, Idaho, we offer insight into what life was like for those who ventured west in search of new identities and roles in developing industries. Our analysis includes documentation of pathological conditions, activity-related changes, and trauma in comparison to other historic cemetery samples from communities growing in this region. Through examination of the skeletal data from these diverse data sets, patterns emerge regarding the health profiles of these women. In particular, the results show that the pathological conditions observed on the three women from Nevada and Idaho align with those documented in the published literature and provide insight into their risk of morbidity and trauma.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Bioarchaeological osteobiographies of three women from North Las Vegas, Nevada, and Walters Ferry, Idaho, contextualized with four historic western US cemetery samples, show skeletal signs of hard physical labor, disease, and trauma during industrial expansion (1850–1915). The authors argue women’s lived experiences were embodied and often comparable to men’s within the same communities.
Key findings
- Mary Latimer (Kiel Ranch, North Las Vegas) was female, aged 60+ (known died at 68/69), stature 5 ft 4 in–5 ft 8 in; she had five carious lesions, periodontal disease, an upper right second molar abscess, only 14 teeth remaining, a healed right clavicle fracture, and osteoarthritis in multiple areas. Entheseal changes were mostly slight to moderate, but age-related changes made activity inference difficult.
- Walters Ferry Individual A was probable female, aged 30+; pelvic sex probabilities were 76.34% female for the left os coxa and 42.00% for the right. She had ossified rib cartilage and Schmorl’s nodes on thoracic/lumbar vertebrae, with mild to moderate entheseal scores. Individual B was female, aged 18+, less than 50% complete, with a right femur fracture or infection, lytic lesions and osteophytes on both feet, fusion of left toe phalanges, and very little entheseal development.
- Across four comparative cemeteries, female porotic hyperostosis was 1.72% at Alameda-Stone versus 23.8% at Cedar Grove (p < .001), and linear enamel hypoplasia was 60% at Legion of Honor versus 22.4% at Alameda-Stone (p = .003). Average female stature ranged from 156.2–162.8 cm across sites.
- Within-site comparisons showed mostly similar male/female pathology frequencies, with significant sex associations only for porotic hyperostosis at Freedman’s cemetery (p = .022) and periosteal reactions at Alameda-Stone (p-value not reported). The authors conclude the three women’s pathological conditions align with published literature and reflect morbidity and trauma risks.
Methods
- The study constructed osteobiographies of three women: Mary Latimer from Kiel Ranch, North Las Vegas, Nevada, and Individuals A and B from Walters Ferry, Idaho. Standard osteological methods estimated age-at-death, sex, and stature; recorded conditions included caries, linear enamel hypoplasia, trauma, cribra orbitalia, osteoarthritis, porotic hyperostosis, and entheseal changes.
- Published data from four historic cemeteries were used for comparison: Alameda-Stone (Tucson, Arizona; 1,386 individuals), Cedar Grove (southwest Arkansas; 80 individuals, 21 females and 15 males), Freedman’s (Dallas, Texas; 1,157 individuals, 278 females and 288 males), and Legion of Honor (San Francisco, California; 90 individuals, 24 females and 56 males). Indicators compared included stature, porotic hyperostosis, cribra orbitalia, periosteal reactions, and trauma.
- Statistical analysis used IBM SPSS with Pearson’s chi-square tests by sex and cemetery; Fisher’s exact test was used when sample sizes were below 40 or expected counts were less than 5. Some comparisons were not possible because published sources reported data differently.
Limitations
- The paper states that age-related changes, especially osteoarthritis and entheseal robusticity, make activity inference difficult for Mary Latimer. Individual A’s stature was not attempted because long bones were too damaged; Individual B was less than 50% complete, lacked skull and pelvis, and had limited age, sex, and stature estimation. No cranial or dental remains were available for the Walters Ferry individuals, and small entheseal samples limited comparisons.
- The paper states that comparative analyses were constrained by differences in how published sources reported data, preventing statistical testing for stature, osteoarthritis, and some trauma data; it also cannot determine whether stress differences occurred before, during, or after migration.
- Evident from the text: the osteobiography sample is only three women, limiting generalizability; Individual A’s sex estimate is complicated by pelvic asymmetry; prior analyses disagreed about Individual A’s sex; and the Walters Ferry individuals’ identities and causes of death are unknown.
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Claims the paper makes
38 Sources not found · 38 Own result · 31 Own interpretation · 18 No basis given · 17 No full text of the sources · 9 Not checked yet · 4 Partly supported · 3 Own method · 1 Supported · 1 Couldn’t confirm · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Bioarchaeological analyses of the remains of women from this era can assist in the reconstruction of the historic West in a more complete way that is often included in written records.”
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Robb et al. 2019 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion: Biography, Self-Knowledge, and Bias says osteobiography can make women visible where written records often do not, supporting the claim that analysis of remains can produce a fuller history. The paper studies thirteenth-century England, however, not women of the historic West. The citing sentence’s suggestion that these women are often included in written records also runs counter to the paper’s account of their limited textual visibility. (LLM, conf=0.85)
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“North Las Vegas and Walters Ferry were places of refuge for travelers and families who were colonizing the West in the late 1800s (Derig 1951).”
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites Derig 1951Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The passages in section 53- describe nineteenth-century travel routes to Silver City and mention a ferry, but do not identify North Las Vegas or Walters Ferry as refuges. Searches for both place names and for refuge for travelers and families found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.74)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“When contextualized, data on differences in entheseal development can be used to understand how subsistence changes, economic shifts, or transformations in industry differentially impact subgroups within communities (Alioto 2020; Becker 2020; Karakostis and Harvati 2021; Karakostis and Hotz 2022).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Alioto 2020 source
- Supportedcites Becker 2020 source
Section 4.1 (page unavailable) describes how entheseal and osteoarthritis data distinguish fishing from farming lifeways, changes in agricultural intensity, and sex-based divisions of labor at El Brujo. Section 4.2 (page unavailable) also describes differences in entheses between neighborhoods associated with guild-like groups. Together, these examples support the claim that contextualized entheseal differences can illuminate how economic activities affect community subgroups. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Partly supportedcites Karakostis and Harvati 2021 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 6 (page not available in our copy) proposes using entheseal analysis to study subsistence strategies, stone-tool industries, division of labor, and occupational variability. Section 4.1 also reports different entheseal patterns among workers with different occupations. The paper does not establish that the method can reveal how economic shifts or changes in industry differentially affect subgroups within a community over time. (LLM, conf=0.82)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mary had osteoarthritis in multiple areas of her body.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There are no cranial or dental remains clearly associated with this individual so the morphology of the skull and teeth could not be observed.”
boostedcorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Age-at-death estimation was difficult as the skull and areas of the pelvis examined for this, such as the pubic symphysis and auricular surface, are absent for this individual.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Age: 60+.”
- Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
“Mary Latimer’s pubic symphysis was scored as phase 6, which has a mean age of 60 years and a range between 42 and 87 years”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Brooks and Suchey, 1990 source
- Not matchedcites White et al. 2011:399
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sex: Female.”
- Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
“Both the skull and the pelvis were scored as female.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
In the paper
“Height: 5ft 4in – 5ft 7in (162.56–170.18 cm) from Blatt and colleagues (2017:10).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Blatt et al. 2017:10
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This individual is less than 50% complete, with only a partial right arm, both legs, and both feet available for analysis.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 57
- Probably not a substantial claim. 55
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“These stress indicators all reflect some form of pathology or injury and can provide insight into the relative risks of disease and nutritional stress related to sex, location, and occupation in these samples.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Buikstra 2019 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites O'Donnell et al. 2020 source
- Partly supportedcites Oxenham and Cavill 2010 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Conclusions (page unavailable) identify porotic hyperostosis and cribra orbitalia as skeletal lesions and discuss a plausible, but unconfirmed, association with nutritional deficiencies. The paper does not address all the stress indicators in the citing samples or show that they reveal relative risks by sex, location, or occupation. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The skeletal sample reported by Buzon and colleagues (2005) includes 90 individuals, many of whom were working-class people of European ancestry. Female (n = 24) and male (n = 56) adults comprise the skeletal sample, which does not contain any juveniles (Buzon et al. 2005).”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Buzon et al. 2005 source
The Abstract states that the studied subsample comprised 90 adult skeletons and that analyses were limited to adults. It reports 24 females and 56 males among the 80 individuals whose sex could be determined, and describes most cemetery burials as poor, working-class people of European ancestry. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plainn = 90- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Rates of linear enamel hypoplasias also varied with 60% (Buzon et al. 2005:5) of the female sample from the Legion of Honor cemetery displaying one or more LEH while only 22.4% (Lincoln-Babb and McClelland 2012:661) of females at Alameda-Stone had this condition and this was also significant (p = .003).”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Buzon et al. 2005:5 source
The paper’s enamel-hypoplasia table (indexed as Abstract; page unavailable) reports 9/15 females in the Legion of Honor sample affected, or 60%. The citing sentence attributes that figure to Buzon et al.; its Alameda-Stone figure is cited to a different source. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Not matchedcites Lincoln-Babb and McClelland 2012:661
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In particular, the results show that the pathological conditions observed on the three women from Nevada and Idaho align with those documented in the published literature and provide insight into their risk of morbidity and trauma.”
plaincorrelationaln = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“She had lost many teeth antemortem (before death), and only 14 remained.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Other than the approximate date, there is no information that provides clues about their identities and their causes of death are unknown.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One factor that complicates the ability to estimate sex for this individual is asymmetry in the features of the pelvis, with the left os coxa displaying a female morphology while the right appears intermediate.”
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This individual is over the age of 18 years and potentially over the age of 30 years, as suggested by Blatt and colleagues (2017).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Blatt et al. 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“She had lipping on multiple vertebrae including eburnation on the facet for the dens on the first cervical.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most of the entheseal changes were slight to moderate with the exception of a few moderate to severe attachment sites”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The remains of these individuals have varying levels of completeness with one individual (Individual A) being much more complete than the other (Individual B).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Harrod et al. 2008
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Due to poor preservation and postmortem damage to the bones, stature estimation was not attempted by Anderson because a maximum length measurement could not be obtained for any of the long bones.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The burial position of Individual A was extended and supine with the head facing toward the east.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Harrod et al. 2008
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The pubic symphysis was scored as phase 4 (Brooks and Suchey 1990), which has a mean age of 38.2 yr with a range of 26–70 yr (White et al. 2011:399).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Brooks and Suchey 1990 source
- Not matchedcites White et al. 2011:399
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This resulted in the excavation and recovery of two historical burials interred in wooden coffins.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Harrod et al. 2008
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Height: 5ft 0in – 5ft 4in (154.94–162.56 cm) from Blatt and colleagues (2017:10).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Blatt et al. 2017:10
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The patellae have severe lipping, osteophytes, and slight eburnation.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The postcranial long bones typically used for stature estimation were too damaged to measure maximum length at the time of the analysis, so stature estimation was not attempted by Anderson.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“She also had atypical curvature of the sacrum and a curved left fibula compared to the right side”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Height: 5ft 4in – 5ft 8in (164.74–172.18 cm).”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Dental, traumatic, and pathological conditions associated with Mary included five carious lesions, periodontal disease, an abscess associated with the upper right second molar, but no linear enamel hypoplasias.”
plaincorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Age: 18 + years.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“These included ossified cartilage on the sternal end of one of Individual A’s ribs (Blatt et al. 2017; Drahold-Cross et al. 2010), which Blatt et al. (2017:7) argue may indicate healed trauma, and Schmorl’s nodes on the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae (Blatt et al. 2017; Drahold-Cross et al. 2010).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Blatt et al. 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Drahold-Cross et al. 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mary had one healed fracture on her right clavicle”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was also lipping on the left and right femoral condyles, the left and right glenoid fossa of the scapula, the left and right processes of the ulna, and the left and right patella.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The auricular surface was scored phase 5 (mean age of 48.1 yr) (Lovejoy et al. 1985) but the presence of lacquer made scoring this feature difficult.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lovejoy et al. 1985 source
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Individual B had even more pathological conditions than Individual A, including either a fracture or an infection on the right femur (Blatt et al. 2017; Drahold-Cross et al. 2010; Harrod et al. 2008), lytic lesions and osteophytes on both feet, and fusion of intermediate and distal phalanges on one of the left toes (Blatt et al. 2017; Drahold-Cross et al. 2010).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Blatt et al. 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Drahold-Cross et al. 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Harrod et al. 2008
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Measurements indicate that this individual is quite gracile and consistent with a female sex.”
hedgedcorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Individual A had mild to moderate entheseal scores and was somewhat more robust with more development for some entheseal markers compared to Individual B but still did not display any extreme examples of entheseal development.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There are no cranial or dental remains clearly associated with this individual so the morphology of the skull and teeth could not be observed.”
boostedcorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“All observable epiphyses are fused and osteophytes are evident on some of the remains (see Blatt et al. 2017 and discussion below).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Blatt et al. 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The only other example of a significant association between sex and pathology is at Alameda-Stone, where Leher and colleagues (2010) state that there was a significant difference in prevalence of periosteal reactions, but they do not report the p-value and we were unable to perform statistical analyses due to limitations in how the data was reported.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Leher et al. 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“the skeletal analysis reported by Heilen and colleagues (2012) includes 1,386 individuals representing female and male adults as well as juveniles.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Heilen et al. 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainn = 1,386- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were no cranial or dental remains discovered for the individuals from Walters Ferry, so it is unknown if these two individuals had similar rates of carious lesions.”
plainn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Average female stature ranged from 156.2-162.8 cm (5ft 1in – 5ft 3in) across the four sites (see Table 2), with only about a 5.1cm (2-in) difference between the site with the highest average stature and that with the lowest average stature.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For example, the prevalence of porotic hyperostosis is 1.72% at the Alameda-Stone cemetery (Leher et al. 2010) but at Cedar Grove cemetery it is 23.8% (Davidson et al. 2002:250) and the statistical analysis shows that this association is significant (p < .001).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Leher et al. 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Davidson et al. 2002:250 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but at the Freedman’s cemetery prevalence of trauma was higher for females compared to males, although this could not be tested statistically as the sample sizes were not reported.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In contrast, trauma prevalence was higher for males at Alameda-Stone cemetery and also higher for males at Cedar Grove in all areas of the body except the arms with females having higher rates of arm injuries (Davidson et al. 2002).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Davidson et al. 2002 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A total of 80 individuals were examined and they likely date to approximately 1900–15. This includes 21 females and 15 males, all of whom are African-American (Davidson et al. 2002).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Davidson et al. 2002 source
hedgedn = 80- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast to the considerable differences in biological stress markers between sites, within site comparisons between males and females showed much more consistency for the most part (see Table 5), with only two examples of a significant association between sex and a pathological condition.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The skeletal data from this site are reported by Davidson and colleagues (2002) who examined a total of 1,157 individuals. This includes 278 females and 288 males.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Davidson et al. 2002 source
plainn = 1,157- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mary Latimer was similarly affected by carious lesions, as she had several, in addition to antemortem tooth loss, periodontal disease, and an abscess.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Women working as laundresses needed physical strength in their arms as they scrubbed clothes by hand all day (Levy 1990).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Levy 1990
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Women working as prostitutes would have been susceptible to both crowd diseases and sexually transmitted infections, plus violence because fights were quick to occur in these areas (MacKell Collins 2022).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites MacKell Collins 2022
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“As the journey continued and became more difficult in new terrains, women took on more and more of the labor tasks typically done by men, all the while still tending to the more domestic and care tasks (Bledsoe 1984; Faragher and Stansell 1975).”
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Domestic skills such as cooking, laundering, and sewing were in very high demand and women could make large sums of money by offering these services to the local miner population, who was often male and single or living there without their wife (Hine and Mack Faragher 2000).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hine and Mack Faragher 2000
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Beyond the basic labor needed to continue the movement westward, people on the trail encountered illness, injury, and death often (Bledsoe 1984; Carter 1995; Faragher and Stansell 1975; Olch 1985).”
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Women wearing boots and more clothing traditionally associated with men is not uncommon in Western communities, including the nearby mining community of Silver City, Idaho.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mary was a friend of the Kiel family and she lived on the ranch with them for several years.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The historical records used to reconstruct Mary Latimer's life are accurate.
In the paper
“The Kiels were involved in the ranching and agricultural industries, as evident by the contents of Edwin Kiel’s estate at the time of his death in 1900. This included one horse, ten cattle, farm equipment, 50 ac [20 ha] of agricultural land, and 190 ac [77 ha] of undeveloped desert land (Townley 1974:11–13).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Townley 1974:11–13
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“We know that migration to the West was a major feature of her life, where she was employed as a seamstress, and she eventually ended up as a single woman living on a ranch in Nevada (Fitch 2015).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Fitch 2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The historical records used to reconstruct Mary Latimer's life are accurate.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“The human skeletal remains of Individual B, which are under the care of the Idaho State Historic Preservation Office, were analyzed by Harrod in 2008 and reanalyzed by Anderson in 2018 using standard osteological methods of estimating age-at-death and biological sex (Bass 2005; Buikstra and Ubelaker 1994; White et al. 2011).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Bass 2005
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Buikstra and Ubelaker 1994
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites White et al. 2011
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, disruptions in the formation of teeth, known as enamel hypoplasias, are frequently used to measure physiological stress during childhood and adolescence.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The human skeletal remains of Mary Latimer, which were housed at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, until 2019 and since reburied, were analyzed by Anderson using standard osteological methods of estimating age-at-death, biological sex, and stature or height (Buikstra and Ubelaker 1994; Trotter and Gleser 1958; White et al. 2011).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Buikstra and Ubelaker 1994
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Trotter and Gleser 1958 source
- Not matchedcites White et al. 2011
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They likely also died during the winter of 1888 while traveling on the Oregon trail.”
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In other cases, the patterning of lesions can be used to diagnose the presence of specific conditions such as scurvy, syphilis, or tuberculosis.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Migration was an important feature of Mary’s life and she had moved out west by the 1850s and was employed in both California and Nevada.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The historical records used to reconstruct Mary Latimer's life are accurate.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“The Schmorl’s nodes may indicate physical stress or strenuous activity (Blatt et al. 2017; Drahold-Cross et al. 2010).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Blatt et al. 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Drahold-Cross et al. 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“The human skeletal remains of Individual A, which are under the care of the Idaho State Historic Preservation Office, were examined by Harrod in 2008 and reanalyzed by Anderson in 2018 using standard osteological methods of estimating age-at-death and biological sex (Bass 2005; Buikstra and Ubelaker 1994; White et al. 2011).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Bass 2005
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Buikstra and Ubelaker 1994
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites White et al. 2011
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Some lesions, such as periosteal reactions (Buikstra 2019), indicate that an individual experienced inflammation that is nonspecific in nature.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Buikstra 2019 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“The results of these analyses agree that both individuals have an age-at-death of over 30 years and are likely of European ancestry.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Blatt et al. 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Drahold-Cross et al. 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Harrod et al. 2008
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is possible that these may be related to occupational activities performed by this individual, although the ossified cartilage could be age related, but without additional information it is difficult to specify what kinds of activities were performed.”
hedgedconditionalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One of the reasons that it was well known in the region is that it was located on the most direct route between the Boise Basin and the Owyhee mining camps, continuing on to Nevada and California.”
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Estimation of sex for Individual B was based on measurements of postcranial remains, following Bass (2005), as the skull and nearly all of the pelvis is absent.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Bass 2005
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Blatt and colleagues (2017) and Harrod and colleagues (2008) both noted that the pelvis morphology and metric measures of other skeletal remains were indicative of female, and that the some of the associated grave goods were more likely to be worn by a woman, especially the boots.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Blatt et al. 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Harrod et al. 2008
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Disease and illness can be identified by observing pathological alterations on bones.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“The age ranges reported here are large due to the degree of variability between individuals, particularly at older ages (White et al. 2011).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites White et al. 2011
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, there is very little entheseal data available for this site, which makes comparisons difficult. This also limits the ability to make inferences about activity patterns and behaviors at this time.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“in 1870 her occupation was listed as a dressmaker in San Francisco”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Fitch 2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: The historical records used to reconstruct Mary Latimer's life are accurate.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The presence of certain pathological conditions or traumatic injuries can also be useful for identifying patterns of illness, nutritional stress, violence, and repeat exposure to injury, whether accidental or via occupational activities.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Finally, domestic violence was always a risk for women, but especially for those who made a lot of money in these roles because their husbands would often become jealous of their higher-level of success (Levy 1990).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Levy 1990
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All of these report skeletal data for both males and females, which allows for comparisons across sites.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The combination of these foot pathological conditions led Blatt and colleagues (2017) to suggest that Individual B was very active and may have also sustained an injury to her foot at some point, although there are other potential explanations for fusion of the phalanges.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Blatt et al. 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditionalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Scots-Irish immigrant Jean Bruce “Jeannie” Heazle cut timber, mined, and operated a dairy and cattle ranch on par with her male relatives.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Snodgrass 2015:73
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“She married William A. Latimer, who worked as an engineer and a laborer, and had four children.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The historical records used to reconstruct Mary Latimer's life are accurate.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mary Latimer was born in 1827 in New York.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: The historical records used to reconstruct Mary Latimer's life are accurate.
In the paper
“Latimer, one of the focal individuals of our analysis, had been a dressmaker and family friend of the Kiels. She lived on the property and was buried there following her death in 1894 (Martin 1988).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Martin 1988
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“This may be influenced by diet, for example one rich in sugar and carbohydrates, which affect acid production by cariogenic bacteria (Featherstone 2008), and limited access to dental care.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Featherstone 2008 source
hedgedconditionalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Physiological stress can be examined by measuring the growth and development of individuals and making comparisons with known standards of human growth (Steckel 1995; Vercellotti et al. 2011; Watts 2011).”
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“One area of disagreement has been the estimated sex of Individual A, with some studies concluding that this individual is a male (Drahold-Cross et al. 2010) while others argue that this individual is female (Blatt et al. 2017; Harrod et al. 2008).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Drahold-Cross et al. 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Blatt et al. 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Harrod et al. 2008
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Examples of this might include the relatively high prevalence of PH at Cedar Grove and the increased rates of LEH at Legion”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These complement the skeletal data reported for the comparative cemetery samples and illustrate that life was difficult for all who ventured into new landscapes, attempted to find success in work alongside developing industries, and took on new identities in western territories.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The three osteobiographies and the four comparative cemetery samples are representative of the broader population living in the Western US during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We, thus, provide insight into the ways that the expansion of industry led to new experiences, hardships, and adaptations in challenging physical and social environments.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“IBM SPSS Statistics was used to run Pearson’s Chi-square tests comparing frequencies of pathological conditions by sex, and by cemetery. When sample sizes were below 40 or expected counts were less than 5, a Fisher’s exact test was used.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While less is known about the lives of the individuals from Walters Ferry compared to Mary Latimer at Kiel Ranch, their location along the Boise-San Francisco Stage Route and traveling through difficult terrain would have potentially exposed them to harsh conditions.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These skeletal lesions can result from injuries, but it is quite likely that poor sanitary conditions in early Western communities contributed to exposure to bacteria, parasites, and other pathogens.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The differences between sites may be explained by population variation or may reflect different living conditions and associated stressors affecting their skeletal signatures of health.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“So, it is possible that whatever activities this individual performed in their daily life, they may have involved certain areas of the body more (such as the lower limbs) compared to others (such as the arms).”
hedgedconditionalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Agricultural and ranch life in the Las Vegas Creek Valley during the late 1800s would have been difficult given the level of transformation needed to modify the desert landscape into land that could support crops and herds of cattle.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Skeletal analysis reveals that life in the Western US was difficult at times and that the individuals in these very diverse communities experienced a life that was challenging and sometimes dangerous.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The three osteobiographies and the four comparative cemetery samples are representative of the broader population living in the Western US during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
The paper relies on this without support.
Women were not absent from the industrial booms.
“Women were not absent from the industrial booms, and it is important to account for their roles and experiences.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Expansion westward into California and the Pacific Northwest served as the first opportunity for many women to explore new roles and identities in society.
“Expansion westward into California and the Pacific Northwest served as the first opportunity for many women to explore new roles and identities in society.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Women's lived experiences are 'written' on their bodies and tell a story of how they interacted with this new territory.
“Their lived experiences are “written” on their bodies and tell a story of how they interacted with this new territory.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The skeletal remains of these individuals tell the story of their lives and can provide some insight into the experiences of those who ventured west.
“The skeletal remains of these individuals tell the story of their lives and can provide some insight into the experiences of those who ventured west.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The West was like any other place in the world or time in history; people’s daily lives were often routine.
“The West was like any other place in the world or time in history; people’s daily lives were often routine.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The skeletal remains identified as Mary Latimer are those of Mary Latimer.
“historical records indicate that Mary Latimer was the only female buried at the site, so identification of sex was mostly to confirm her identity.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The historical records used to reconstruct Mary Latimer's life are accurate.
“Historical records on Ancestry.com (and the old database RootsWeb they aquired) and other family history resources have helped us discover more about her life’s experiences.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The four comparative cemetery samples are representative of women living in the western United States during the study period.
“In order to explore the ways that migration and industry impacted health during the mid to late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, published health data from four well-documented historic Western cemeteries are examined: Alameda-Stone cemetery, Cedar Grove cemetery, Freedman’s cemetery, and Legion of Honor cemetery.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The published health data from the four cemeteries are comparable enough to allow cross-site comparisons despite differences in reporting.
“Unfortunately, it was not possible to include all indicators of stress and activity due to differences in how those data were reported.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The three osteobiographies and the four comparative cemetery samples are representative of the broader population living in the Western US during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
“These complement the skeletal data reported for the comparative cemetery samples and illustrate that life was difficult for all who ventured into new landscapes, attempted to find success in work alongside developing industries, and took on new identities in western territories.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“Average female stature ranged from 156.2-162.8 cm (5ft 1in – 5ft 3in) across the four sites (see Table 2), with only about a 5.1cm (2-in) difference between the site with the highest average stature and that with the lowest average stature.”
Reported 5.1 · recomputed 6.6
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Introduction
“Height: 5ft 0in – 5ft 4in (154.94–162.56 cm) from Blatt and colleagues (2017:10).”
§ Introduction
“Blatt and colleagues (2017:6) provide a stature estimate of 154.94-162.56 cm (5ft 1in − 5’]ft 4in) based on tibial length.”
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Cited by
Still being checked.
Metadata
- Authors
- P. Anderson, C., P. Harrod, R., & M. Baustian, K.
- Venue
- International Journal of Historical Archaeology
- Published
- 2024-06-20
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1081-1106
- ISSN
- 1092-7697 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-7748
- OpenAlex
- W4399863637
- Cited by
- 0
- References
- 91
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- International Journal of Historical Archaeology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology (arts and humanities) › Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Historical and Cultural Archaeology Studies
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology (arts and humanities) › Paleopathology and ancient diseases
- Keywords
- women's lives, industrial expansion, American West, Las Vegas, skeletal remains, pathological conditions, trauma (physical injury), health profile, homesteaders, gender roles, historical cemeteries, 19th century
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