The DOI matches its Crossref record; 63 of the 67 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Parent–Child Relationships and ADHD Symptoms: A Longitudinal Analysis
Open accessAbstract
Evidence both from psychological research and clinical intervention studies suggests that there are bidirectional influences between overt child behavior problems and parent-child relations. Very little research however, has considered the pattern of relations that exists between Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and the parent-child relationship within a longitudinal context. Using a longitudinal community sample from the United Kingdom which included 194 school aged children (46% male and 54% female) and both parents, this study examined the relationship between child ADHD symptoms and displays of rejection in the parent-child relationship. These relationships were investigated separately for mothers and fathers using cross-lagged panel correlation and reciprocal effects analysis. Mothers and fathers reported on ADHD symptoms and children reported on their feelings of rejection in the mother-child and father-child relationships. Results suggested differences in the direction of effects linking mother- and father-child rejection and child ADHD symptoms; with ADHD symptoms affecting the mother-child relationship and the converse pattern of effects noted for fathers. Implications for future research focusing on the link between ADHD symptoms and parent-child relationships are discussed.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Attention problems at age 12 years predicted mother-child rejection assessed at a 1-year follow-up, even after controlling for initial mother-child rejection (Lifford et al, 2008).”
From Deviations from the expectable environment in early childhood and emerging psychopathology (2015) · cites this paper as Lifford et al, 2008
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
Widiger, T. A. (2000) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1037/10518-009 · Cited by 19,766
(1969) · Cited by 18,340
Structural Equations with Latent Variables
Bollen, K. A. (1989) · Wiley series in probability and statistics · doi:10.1002/9781118619179 · Cited by 17,944
Structural Equations with Latent Variables.
Clogg, C. C., & Bollen, K. A. (1991) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2072165 · Cited by 17,475
Attachment and Loss. Vol. 1. Attachment
Rever, G. W. (1972) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-197211000-00011 · Cited by 8,446
(1991) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 8,071
Achenbach, T. M., McConaughy, S. H., & Howell, C. T. (1987) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.101.2.213 · Cited by 5,436
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Handbook for Diagnosis and Treatment
Barkley, R. A., & Poillion, M. J. (1994) · Behavioral Disorders · doi:10.1177/019874299401900205 · Cited by 4,635
Attachment and Loss. Vol. I. Attachment.
Jones, N. B., & Bowlby, J. (1970) · Man · doi:10.2307/2798963 · Cited by 4,208
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Derks, E. M., Hudziak, J. J., Dolan, C. V., van Beijsterveldt, C. E. M., Verhulst, F. C., & Boomsma, D. I. (2006). Genetic and environmental influences on the relation between attentional problems and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. In E. M. Derks (Ed.), Assessment and genetic aetiology of attention problems, hyperactivity, and related disorders (pp. 153-168). Gildeprint, Enschede.
- Office for National Statistics (2002). Social trends. London: Office for National Statistics.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–199 of 199
The Parental Emotional Response to Children Index
Lambek, R., Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Psychogiou, L., Thompson, M. J. J., Tannock, R., Daley, D., Damm, D., & Thomsen, P. H. (2014) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054714539996 · Cited by 11
Park, J., 신의진, & Lee, K. (2009) · The Korean Journal of Woman Psychology · doi:10.18205/kpa.2009.14.4.004 · Cited by 11
Causal inference methods for intergenerational research using observational data.
Frach, L., Jami, E. S., McAdams, T. A., Dudbridge, F., & Pingault, J. (2023) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/rev0000419 · Cited by 11
Equivalency for Father and Mother Ratings of the ADHD Symptoms
Gomez, R. (2009) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-009-9370-9 · Cited by 10
Inci Izmir, S. B., Aktan, Z. D., & Ercan, E. S. (2024) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547241267379 · Cited by 10
Joyce, L. C., Lai, K. Y. C., & Xia, L. L. L. (2019) · Child & Family Social Work · doi:10.1111/cfs.12655 · Cited by 9
Janssens, A. I. W. A., Blake, S., Eke, H., Price, A., & Ford, T. J. (2022) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.15320 · Cited by 9
Heckel, L. D., Clarke, A. R., Barry, R. J., McCarthy, R., & Selikowitz, M. (2013) · Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties · doi:10.1080/13632752.2013.769708 · Cited by 10
Characterizing Parent–Child Interactions in Families of Autistic Children in Late Childhood
McCauley, J. B., & Solomon, M. (2022) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci11030100 · Cited by 8
Widmer, A., Havewala, M., Bowker, J. C., & Rubin, K. H. (2022) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547221120694 · Cited by 9
Law, T. Y., Bressington, D. T., Ruan, J., Wong, W. K., & Mak, Y. W. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-02747-4 · Cited by 7
Children's Early Disruptive Behavior Predicts Later Coercive Behavior and Binge Drinking by Mothers
Pagani, L. S., & Fitzpatrick, C. (2017) · Journal of Pediatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pedn.2017.12.011 · Cited by 6
Rice, R., Bhearra, A. N., Kilbride, K., Lynch, C., & McNicholas, F. (2020) · Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/ipm.2020.121 · Cited by 6
Zhang, Q., & Li, J. J. (2022) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547221104079 · Cited by 8
Mediators of psychosocial treatment for adolescent ADHD.
Sibley, M. H., Coxe, S. J., Zulauf-McCurdy, C. A., & Zhao, X. (2022) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000743 · Cited by 6
Lee, K., 이미리, Shin, Y.-L., & Park, J. (2013) · The Korean Journal of Woman Psychology · doi:10.18205/kpa.2013.18.3.005 · Cited by 6
Giannotta, F., & Rydell, A. (2017) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2017.09.005 · Cited by 7
Dikkat Eksikliği Hiperaktivite Bozukluğunun Etyolojisinde Çevresel Etkenler
Gül, H., & Öncü, B. (2017) · Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry · doi:10.18863/pgy.358094 · Cited by 6
Genetics of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Langley, K., Martin, J., & Thapar, A. (2022) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2022_338 · Cited by 6
Self-citationA Preliminary Study of Voicebot to Assist ADHD Children in Performing Daily Tasks
Park, D., Lee, J., Han, J., Kim, J., & Shin, Y. (2023) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2023.2169530 · Cited by 7
Wong, H. M., & Goh, E. C. L. (2014) · Social Work in Health Care · doi:10.1080/00981389.2014.924462 · Cited by 6
Nelson, T., East, P. L., Delva, J., Lozoff, B., & Gahagan, S. (2019) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0000000000000661 · Cited by 6
Chan, W. W. Y., Shum, K., Downs, J., & Sonuga-Barke, E. (2024) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines · doi:10.1111/jcpp.14103 · Cited by 5
The Family Environment of Students with Learning Disabilities and ADHD
Ramón, P. R., & Sánchez, J. N. G. (2012) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/32507 · Cited by 5
Penner, F., Vanwoerden, S., Borelli, J. L., & Sharp, C. (2019) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-019-00589-4 · Cited by 5
Augustin, M., Mall, V., & Licata‐Dandel, M. (2024) · European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education · doi:10.3390/ejihpe14060104 · Cited by 5
Young Adult’s Perception of Their Relationship with an ADHD Parent: A Qualitative Study
Belo-Tomic, S., Quinlan, E., & Read, E. (2021) · Contemporary Family Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10591-021-09566-w · Cited by 4
Prevention of Health Risk Behaviors in ADHD Youth: Is ADHD Treatment Enough?
Schoenfelder, E. N., & Kollins, S. H. (2014) · The ADHD Report · doi:10.1521/adhd.2014.22.4.1 · Cited by 5
Jensen, M., & Vámosi, M. (2022) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1111/jcap.12402 · Cited by 6
Exploring Co-Regulation-Related Factors in the Mothers of ADHD Children—Proof of Concept Study
Yaacoby-Vakrat, R., Pade, M., & Bar‐Shalita, T. (2023) · Children · doi:10.3390/children10081286 · Cited by 4
Chang, L., & Gau, S. S. (2010) · 臺灣精神醫學 · doi:10.29478/tjp.201003.0003 · Cited by 4
Parenting behaviors associated with youth AD diagnosis vs. youth ADHD diagnosis
Marić, M., & Bögels, S. M. (2018) · The European Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ejpsy.2018.07.003 · Cited by 5
Hwang-Gu, S.-L., Ni, H., Liang, S. H., Lin, H., Tsao, L., Lin, C.-F., & Gau, S. S.-F. (2020) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054720938864 · Cited by 3
Effect of Family Size and Type on Maternal Rejection of Children With ADHD
Mustafina, A., Amitov, S., Duisenova, S., & Mustafin, B. (2023) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547231172766 · Cited by 3
Attributions for Parents’ Behavior by Boys With and Without Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Colalillo, S., Williamson, D., & Johnston, C. (2014) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-014-0445-7 · Cited by 6
Ahmad, B. P., Abas, M., Elah, F. V., Rostami, R., & Mojtaba, H. (2010) · Cited by 3
Zuo, E., Zhang, Y., Yu, Q., Guo, T., Jiao, C., Ye, Y., M黮ler, P., Chi, X., Hossain, M. M., Yeung, A., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Mental Health Promotion · doi:10.32604/ijmhp.2020.014552 · Cited by 3
Lavigne, J. V., Gouze, K. R., Hopkins, J., & Bryant, F. B. (2024) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579424001640 · Cited by 2
Özaslan, A., Songür, İ. A., Demirci, S. C., Gürbüz, Ş., Yıldırım, M., Kaya, A., Uras, M. C., Rosa, V. L. L., Vehbi, A., Güney, E., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1761478 · Cited by 2
Bandel, T. (2017) · International Journal of Systemic Therapy · doi:10.1080/08975353.2017.1288993 · Cited by 4
Epidemiology and Etiology of ADHD
Sadek, J. R. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-02359-5_3 · Cited by 2
Klenberg, L., Teivaanmäki, S., Närhi, V. M., Kiuru, N. H., & Healey, D. M. (2023) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2022.2164568 · Cited by 7
Stover, C., Zhou, Y., Leve, L., Neiderhiser, J., Shaw, D., & Reiss, D. (2015) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2015.06.003 · Cited by 3
Asbrand, J., Lerach, T., & Tuschen‐Caffier, B. (2015) · Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1026/1616-3443/a000329 · Cited by 2
Janbaz, F. K., Khanzadeh, A. A. H., & Abolghasemi, A. (2019) · Quarterly Journal of Child Mental Health · doi:10.29252/jcmh.6.1.9 · Cited by 2
Jacob, P., Dutta, B., Kishore, M. T., Mehta, U., & Philip, M. (2021) · Industrial Psychiatry Journal · doi:10.4103/ipj.ipj_106_21 · Cited by 3
Balagan, M. M. B. (2022) · International Journal of Learning and Development · doi:10.5296/ijld.v12i4.20421 · Cited by 4
Meyer, E. C., & Michel, G. (2020) · Annales Médico-psychologiques revue psychiatrique · doi:10.1016/j.amp.2020.01.019 · Cited by 3
The Occupational Participation of a Family of Children with Disabilities
Steele, K. L. (2014) · Cited by 2
Shippen, N. A., Felton, J. W., Stevens, A. E., Khaireddin, M., Lejuez, C. W., Chronis-Tuscano, A. M., & Meinzer, M. C. (2024) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-024-10165-w · Cited by 1
Contributions of Attachment and Cognitive Functioning on ADHD Symptoms in Children
Wylock, J.-F., Borghini, A., Delvenne, V., & Slama, H. (2024) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-024-01784-1 · Cited by 1
The Significance of a Higher Prevalence of ADHD and ADHD Symptoms in Children Who Stutter
Walsh, B. M., Tichenor, S. E., & Gerwin, K. L. (2025) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2025_jslhr-24-00668 · Cited by 1
Revisiting the Sources of Parental Knowledge and Tracking Their Between‐ and Within‐Person Dynamics
Goueta, N., Gershy, N., & Pollak, Y. (2026) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1002/jad.70258 · Cited by 1
Barnard-Brak, L., Schmidt, M., Wei, T.-L., Parker, S., & Attai, S. (2013) · Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e3182982939 · Cited by 2
Family Systems in the Context of Child Risk: An Observational Analysis
Gerstein, E. D. (2012) · Cited by 1
Moreland, A. D., Hubel, G. S., Goodrum, N. M., & Stevens, A. E. (2023) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-023-02572-6 · Cited by 1
Measurement-based Data to Monitor Quality: Why Specification at the Population Level Matter?
Zima, B. T. (2020) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2020.06.008 · Cited by 1
Warum ADHS im Kindes- und Jugendalter eine Familienangelegenheit ist
Zemp, M., & Schirl, J. (2021) · Familiendynamik · doi:10.21706/fd-46-3-224 · Cited by 1
Winters, K. M. (2012) · Libraries and Cultural Resources (University of Calgary) · doi:10.11575/prism/27256 · Cited by 1
Guendelman, M. D. (2015) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 1
The effect of tDCS on mind wandering in adults with and without ADHD:Preprint
Nejati, V., Majidinezhad, M., Yavari, F., & Nitsche, M. A. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2902204/v1 · Cited by 1
Villemonteix, T. (2015) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/84304c2az6a4fz488czbda7z8935968796d4 · Cited by 1
Huyssteen, A. V. (2009) · SUNScholar (Stellenbosch University)
Bandel, T. (2013) · Psihološka obzorja · doi:10.20419/2012.21.369
이미아 (2009) · The Journal of Special Children Education · doi:10.21075/kacsn.2009.11.2.95
Wheen, L. (2011) · Wolverhampton Intellectual Repository and E-Theses (University of Wolverhampton)
Fleck, K., Warnke, A., Jans, T., Jacob, C., Philipsen, A., Matthies, S., Graf, E., Hennighausen, K., & Haack‐Dees, B. (2015)
Zanon, C. (2015) · Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Burgos (University of Burgos) · doi:10.36443/10259/4615
Parent-Child and Sibling Relational Problems
Linscott, J. G., & Leve, L. D. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-57196-6_29
Kaseda, E. T. (2018) · ScholarsArchive (Brigham Young University)
The quality of family interactions as a predictor of adolescents' strengths and difficulties
Šnele, M. S. (2018) · Nastava i vaspitanje · doi:10.5937/nasvas1802375s · Cited by 2
注意欠如・多動症児の母親におけるマターナル・アタッチメントの特徴
眞野, 祥., 宇野, 宏., 堀内, 史., 西本佳世子, & 髙宮, 靜. (2018) · doi:10.20615/jscap.59.5_614
Moradi, M., & Ghalamzan, S. (2014) · Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences
Ryu, Y., Lee, S. I., Lee, J., Lee, A. R., Kim, S. G., & Jung, H. Y. (2019) · 신경정신의학 · doi:10.4306/jknpa.2019.58.4.331
Genetics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Langley, K., & Thapar, A. (2020) · doi:10.1093/med/9780198713005.003.0034
Self-citationKhalifeh, L., & Jackson (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1285101/v1
Teymouri, M. (2021) · Proceedings of The World Conference on Social Sciences · doi:10.33422/3rd.worldcss.2021.09.16
(2013) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b15462-35
Schmid, J., Loßnitzer, C., & Gawrilow, C. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-45995-9_32-1 · Cited by 1
(2019) · مجلة دراسات الطفولة · doi:10.21608/jsc.2019.92952
Teymouri, M., & Ulu, E. (2022) · International Journal of Health Sciences · doi:10.53730/ijhs.v6ns7.13645
Molaei, N., & Rezaei, A. (2022) · Psychology of Woman Journal · doi:10.52547/psychowoman.3.1.37
Untreated ADHD contributes to the school-to-prison pipeline and related racial disparities
Glenn, A. L., Thompson, O. K., & Mosley, T. K. (2025) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2025.108551
Johnels, J. Å., Kuja‐Halkola, R., Larsson, H., Chang, Z., Brikell, I., & Lundström, S. (2025) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjep.70050
A Qualitative Study of the Lived Experience of Children with ADHD
Ling, D. S., & Diamond, A. D. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15121698 · Cited by 1
Jin, Y., Xiao, Y.-S., & Zhou, P. (2025) · World Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5498/wjp.v15.i12.111663
A Meta-Analysis of the Prevalence of ADHD in Youth Across Racial and Ethnic Groups
Glenn, A. L., Hunter, S., & Thompson, O. K. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2025.2592952
Duchesne, S., & Châteauvert, G. B. (2025) · International Journal of Child Youth and Family Studies · doi:10.18357/ijcyfs164202522587
Coleman, C. A., Dowell, K. A., & Schweer‐Collins, M. L. (2026) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-026-03313-1
Ali, M., Adusei‐Mensah, F., Dayemo, R., Tuomainen, T., & goshu, M. T. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10163790/v1
黄, 雪. (2026) · Advances in Clinical Medicine · doi:10.12677/acm.2026.1682778
Early maladaptive schemas and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a scoping review
Cook, M., & Allen, A. (2026) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1080/13284207.2026.2713449
Campany, D. D. (2015) · Digital Commons (Liberty University)
Metadata
- Authors
- Lifford, K. J., Harold, G. T., & Thapar, A.
- Affiliations
- Cardiff University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Lifford, Kate J.
- Venue
- Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology
- Published
- 2007-09-13
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 285-296
- ISSN
- 0091-0627 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2835
- OpenAlex
- W2114870616
- Cited by
- 199
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 3.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- figshare.com
- Licence
- Locations
- Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (submittedVersion)
- Leicester Research Archive (University of Leicester) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Economic and Social Research Council (RES-000-23-1380)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD symptoms, parent-child relationship, rejection, mother-child relationship, father-child relationship, bidirectional effects, child behavior problems, reciprocal effects, elementary school students
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Child Behavior, Father-Child Relations, Female, United Kingdom, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Mother-Child Relations, Parent-Child Relations, Surveys and Questionnaires, Rejection, Psychology
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review