Large-Scale Observational Evidence of Cross-Cultural Differences in Facial Behavior
Published version of a preprint
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Women have higher levels of happiness and smile more than men, with SMD = 0.10.
“For Positive emotions, women have higher levels of happiness and smile more (SMD = 0.10; Chaplin & Aldao, 2013; McDuff et al., 2017).”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as McDuff et al., 2017
For positive emotions, the single old-analysis study on smiling showed no effect of living conditions.
“For Positive emotions, the single study in the old analyses that investigated smiling (McDuff et al., 2017) showed no effect of living conditions.”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as McDuff et al., 2017
For self-reported anger and brow furrowing, larger sex differences are present in countries with higher living conditions.
“if anything, an opposite pattern seems to be present for self-reported anger and brow furrowing, that is, there are larger sex differences in countries with higher living conditions (Chaplin & Aldao, 2013; McDuff et al., 2017).”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as McDuff et al., 2017
Cites
Power failure: why small sample size undermines the reliability of neuroscience
Button, K. S., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Mokrysz, C., Nosek, B. A., Flint, J., Robinson, E. S. J., & Munafò, M. R. (2013) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3475 · Cited by 7,641 · cited 1× · see citing works
“While it is wellknown that studies with smaller samples have reduced ‘‘power’’ to detect true effects, it is less well-appreciated that the statistically significant results identified by such studies are also less likely to reflect true effects (Button et al. 2013).”
BackgroundRussell, J. A. (1994) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.115.1.102 · Cited by 1,640 · see citing works
Nonverbal social withdrawal in depression: Evidence from manual and automatic analyses
Girard, J. M., Cohn, J. F., Mahoor, M. H., Mavadati, S. M., Hammal, Z., & Rosenwald, D. P. (2014) · Image and Vision Computing · doi:10.1016/j.imavis.2013.12.007 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
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Designing emotionally sentient agents
McDuff, D., & Czerwinski, M. (2018) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/3186591 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Self-citationA Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox
Herlitz, A., Hönig, I., Hedebrant, K., & Asperholm, M. (2025) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916231202685 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
- Authors
- McDuff, D., Girard, J. M., & Kaliouby, R. E.
- Affiliations
- Affectiva (United States) (US)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Corresponding author
- McDuff, Daniel
- Girard, Jeffrey M.
- Venue
- Journal of Nonverbal Behavior
- Published
- 2016-11-08
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-19
- ISSN
- 0191-5886 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3653
- OpenAlex
- W2551442547
- Cited by
- 60
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 10.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Nonverbal Behavior (publishedVersion)
- PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Emotion and Mood Recognition
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Keywords
- facial expressions, display rules, cross-cultural comparison, individualism-collectivism, smiling, gender differences, television advertising
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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