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Characterization and anticancer bioactivity of the fungal immunomodulatory protein FIP-Gre from Ganoderma resinaceum
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
Background Natural products remain rich sources of anticancer agents. Fungal immunomodulatory proteins (FIPs) from medicinal mushrooms show direct in vitro tumor inhibition; we investigated a new FIP, FIP-Gre, from Ganoderma resinaceum. Methods FIP-Gre was identified by genome mining (LZ8 query), modeled by AlphaFold2, and assessed by docking/100-ns MD (EGFR, c-Met). Recombinant FIP-Gre was produced in E. coli BL21 (DE3)/pET-29a (+), purified by Ni-NTA (~ 12.5 kDa), and tested for hemagglutination, antibacterial activity, cytotoxicity (A549, HepG2, MCF-7; HEK-293 control), and apoptosis markers in A549 cells (8 µg/mL). Results FIP-Gre shares 90% identity with LZ8, contains a conserved Fve-type domain, and adopts a stable β-strand-rich fold. Docking/MD suggest strong, stable binding to EGFR and c-Met. FIP-Gre agglutinated mouse RBCs at 4 µg/mL, showed no antibacterial activity, and selectively inhibited cancer cells with IC₅₀ values of 21.27 µg/mL (A549), 29.96 µg/mL (HepG2), and 43.34 µg/mL (MCF-7) while showing no toxicity toward normal HEK-293 cells. At 8 µg/mL, FIP-Gre significantly induced apoptosis in A549 cells by upregulating Bax, Caspase-3, Caspase-9, and p53, and downregulating Bcl-2, indicating activation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Conclusion FIP-Gre is a structurally robust, mushroom-derived protein with selective in vitro anticancer activity and predicted RTK engagement, supporting its development, particularly against lung carcinoma.
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Metadata
- Authors
- Ameen, R., & Sumrin, A.
- Affiliations
- University of the Punjab (PK)
- Corresponding author
- Ameen, Rubab
- Sumrin, Aleena
- ORCID
- Sumrin, Aleena
- Venue
- Molecular Biology Reports
- Published
- 2026-03-12
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 1
- ISSN
- 0301-4851 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-4978
- OpenAlex
- W7135084450
- Cited by
- 0
- References
- 21
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (tdm)
- www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (vor)
- Locations
- Molecular Biology Reports (publishedVersion)
- Research Square (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of the Punjab
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Fungal Biology and Applications
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Antimicrobial Peptides and Activities
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology › Microbial Natural Products and Biosynthesis
- Keywords
- fungal immunomodulatory protein, Ganoderma resinaceum, medicinal mushrooms, anticancer activity, EGFR, c-Met, receptor tyrosine kinase, apoptosis, mitochondrial apoptosis, lung cancer, hemagglutination, cytotoxicity, protein structure prediction, protein-protein docking
- MeSH terms
- A549 Cells, Animals, Antineoplastic Agents, Fungal Proteins, Humans, Immunologic Factors, Recombinant Proteins, Apoptosis, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met, Ganoderma, Cell Line, Tumor, Mice, Hep G2 Cells, HEK293 Cells, MCF-7 Cells, Molecular Docking Simulation, ErbB Receptors
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