Intestinal Dysbiosis and Yeast Isolation in Stool of Subjects with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Abstract
High frequency of gastrointestinal yeast presence in ASD subjects was shown through a simple cultural approach (Candida spp. in 57.5 % of ASDs and no controls); the identification of aggressive form (pseudo-hyphae presenting) of Candida spp. at light microscope means that adhesion to intestinal mucosa is facilitated. Dysbiosis appears sustained by lowered Lactobacillus spp. and decreased number of Clostridium spp. Absence of C. difficilis and its toxins in both ASDs and controls is also shown. Low-mild gut inflammation and augmented intestinal permeability were demonstrated together with the presence of GI symptoms. Significant linear correlation was found between disease severity (CARs score) and calprotectin and Clostridium spp. presence. Also GI symptoms, such as constipation and alternating bowel, did correlate (multivariate analyses) with the increased permeability to lactulose. The present data provide rationale basis to a possible specific therapeutic intervention in restoring gut homeostasis in ASDs.
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A separate study found Candida present in nearly 60% of ASD samples, with none present in controls, and identified hyphae formation suggesting the yeast had switched to its invasive and adhesive form.
“A separate study found Candida present in nearly 60% of ASD samples, with none present in controls. They also identified hyphae formation, suggesting that the dimorphic yeast had switched to its invasive and adhesive form [97].”
From The Gut Microbiota and Dysbiosis in Autism Spectrum Disorders (2018) · cites this paper as [97]
Clostridium perfringens at species level had evidence for increased absolute and relative abundance in children with ASD versus typically developing children.
“Clostridium perfringens at a species level had evidence for increased absolute and relative abundance in children with ASD versus typically developing children [34, 38, 44].”
From Gut microbiota changes in children with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review (2020) · cites this paper as [38]
Despite speculation that Sutterella was increased in children with ASD, this was not true in every study; three studies suggested no significant differences and one suggested a decrease.
“Despite speculation that Sutterella was increased in children with ASD [53, 55], this was not true in every study. There were three studies suggesting no significant differences [38, 41, 48] and one suggesting a decrease [44], but this particular study included adolescents in their cohort.”
From Gut microbiota changes in children with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review (2020) · cites this paper as [38]
Bifidobacterium consistently showed lower counts and proportions in children with ASD versus their siblings or controls.
“however, upon a closer look at Bifidobacterium, consistently lower counts and proportions were found in children with ASD versus their siblings [31, 52] or controls [30, 38, 47].”
From Gut microbiota changes in children with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review (2020) · cites this paper as [38]
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References 64 · Cited by 184
- Authors
- Iovene, M. R., Bombace, F., Maresca, R., Sapone, A., Iardino, P., Picardi, A., Marotta, R., Schiraldi, C., Siniscalco, D., Serra, N., de Magistris, L., & Bravaccio, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (IT)
- Magna Graecia University (IT)
- Federico II University Hospital (IT)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Mycopathologia
- Published
- 2016-09-21
- Volume
- 182
- Issue
- 3-4
- Pages
- 349-363
- ISSN
- 0301-486X (ISSN-L)
- 1573-0832
- OpenAlex
- W2522829059
- Cited by
- 184
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 6.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Mycopathologia (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca - Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, gut dysbiosis, Candida, pseudohyphae, Lactobacillus, Clostridium, Clostridium difficile, intestinal inflammation, intestinal permeability, lactulose, calprotectin, gastrointestinal symptoms, intestinal homeostasis
- MeSH terms
- Autism Spectrum Disorder, Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Child, Child, Preschool, Clostridium, Feces, Female, Humans, Lactobacillus, Male, Microbiological Techniques, Microscopy, Yeasts, Dysbiosis
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