Cited by 2Student Stress and CopingEducation, Achievement, and GiftednessPerfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety Studies

The DOI matches its Crossref record; its reference list is not available.

The white bear in the classroom: on the use of thought suppression when stakes are high and pressure to perform increases

Imhof, Margarete, Schulte-Jakubowski, Katja·2015·Social Psychology of Education

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/s11218-015-9301-2

Cites

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Citations

No citation lists for this paper

No citation lists for this paper yet — checked again daily.

References 34 · Cited by 2

Research works printed but not linked: 26

  1. Bargh, J. A., Chen, M., & Burrows, L. (1996). Automaticity of social behavior: Direct effects of trait constructs and stereotype activation on action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 230–244. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.71.2.230 . · DOI · Paper page
  2. Baumeister, R. F., Gailliot, T., & Tice, D. M. (2009). Free willpower: A limited resource theory of volition, choice, and self-regulation. In E. Morsella, J. Bargh, & P. Gollwitzer (Eds.), Oxford Handbook of Human Action (pp. 487–508). New York: Oxford University Press.
  3. Blumberg, S. J. (2003). The white bear suppression inventory: Revisiting its factor structure. Personality and Individual Differences, 29, 943–950. doi: 10.1016/S0191-8869(99)00245-7 . · DOI
  4. Brosius, F. (Ed.). (2011). SPSS 19. Heidelberg: mitp.
  5. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Association.
  6. Ebert, J. P., & Wegner, D. M. (2011). Mistaking randomness for free will. Consciousness and Cognition, 20, 965–971. doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2010.12.012 . · DOI
  7. Erdelyi, M. H. (1993). Repression: The mechanism and the defense. In D. M. Wegner & J. W. Pennebaker (Eds.), Handbook of mental control (pp. 126–148). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
  8. Hofer, M., Kilian, B., Kuhnle, C., Hellmann, K., & Barth, D. (2011). Persönliche Ziele und Schule-Freizeit-Konflikte bei Jugendlichen [Personal goals and school-leisure conflicts in adolescents]. Zeitschrift für Entwicklungspsychologie und Pädagogische Psychologie, 43, 142–152. doi: 10.1026/0049-8637/a000042 . · DOI
  9. Hofer, M., Kuhnle, C., Kilian, B., & Fries, S. (2012). Cognitive ability and personality variables as predictors of school grades and test scores in adolescents. Learning and Instruction, 22, 368–375. doi: 10.1016/j.learninstruc.2012.02.003 . · DOI
  10. Höping, W., & de Jong-Meyer, R. (2003). Differentiating unwanted intrusive thoughts from thought suppression: What Does the white bear suppression inventory measure? Personality and Individual Differences, 34, 1049–1055. doi: 10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00089-2 . · DOI
  11. McNair, D. M., Lorr, M., & Droppleman, L. F. (1971). EITS—Manual for profile of mood States. San Diego, California: Educational and Industrial Testing Service.
  12. Muraven, M., Tice, D. M., & Baumeister, R. F. (1998). Self-control as limited resource: Regulatory depletion patterns. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 774–789. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.74.3.774 . · DOI · Paper page
  13. Nadler, R. T., Rabi, R., & Minda, J. P. (2010). Better mood or better performance: Learning rule-described categories is enhanced by positive mood. Psychological Science, 21, 1770–1776. doi: 10.1177/0956797610387441 . · DOI
  14. Pintrich, P. J. (2003). A motivational science perspective on the role of student motivation in learning and teaching contexts. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95, 667–686. doi: 10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00020-9 . · DOI
  15. Rafnsson, F. D., & Smári, J. (2001). Chronic thought suppression and obsessionality: The relationship between the white bear suppression inventory and two inventories of obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Personality and Individual Differences, 30, 159–165. doi: 10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00020-9 . · DOI
  16. Schmalt, H. D. & Langens, T. A. (2009). Motivation. [Motivation]. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer. · DOI
  17. Schmidt, R. E., Gay, P., Courvoisier, D., Jermann, F., Ceschi, G., David, M., et al. (2009). Anatomy of the white bear suppression inventory (WBSI): A review of previous findings and a new approach. Journal of Personality Assessment, 91, 323–330. doi: 10.1080/00223890902935738 . · DOI
  18. Simon, R. W., & Nath, L. E. (2004). Gender and emotion in the United States: Do men and women differ in self-reports of feelings and expressive behavior? American Journal of Sociology, 109, 1137–1176. doi: 10.1086/382111 . · DOI
  19. Skaalvik, S., & Skaalvik, M. (2005). Self-concept, motivational orientation, and help-seeking in mathematics: A study of adults returning to High School. Social Psychology of Education, 8, 285–302. doi: 10.1007/s11218-005-3276-3 . · DOI
  20. Thayer, R. E., Newman, R., & McClain, T. M. (1994). Self-regulation of mood: Strategies for changing a bad mood, raising energy, and reducing tension. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 910–925. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.67.5.910 . · DOI · Paper page
  21. Wegner, D. M. (2002). The illusion of conscious will. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. · DOI
  22. Wegner, D. M. (2003). The mind’s best trick: How we experience conscious will. Trends in Cognitive Science, 7, 65–69. doi: 10.1016/S1364-6613(03)00002-0 · DOI · Paper page
  23. Wegner, D. M. (2005). Who is the controller of controlled processes? In R. Hassin, J. S. Uleman, & J. A. Bergh (Eds.), The new unconscious (pp. 19–36). New York: Oxford University Press.
  24. Wegner, D. M., Erber, R., & Zanakos, S. (1993). Ironic processes in the mental control of mood and mood-related thought. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 1093–1104. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.65.6.1093 . · DOI · Paper page
  25. Wegner, D. M., & Erskine, J. A. K. (2003). Voluntary involuntariness: Thought suppression and the regulation of the experience of will. Consciousness and Cognition, 12, 684–694. doi: 10.1016/S1053-8100(03)00054-0 . · DOI
  26. Wegner, D. M., Schneider, D., Carter, S. R., & White, T. L. (1987). Paradoxical effects of thought suppression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 5–13. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.53.1.5 . · DOI · Paper page

Metadata

Authors
Imhof, M., & Schulte-Jakubowski, K.
Affiliations
Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (DE)
Corresponding author
Imhof, Margarete
Venue
Social Psychology of Education
Published
2015-04-29
Volume
18
Issue
3
Pages
431-442
ISSN
  • 1381-2890 (ISSN-L)
  • 1573-1928
OpenAlex
W2083936279
Cited by
2
References
34
Citations by year
2024: 1 · 2017: 1
FWCI
0.84
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
Social Psychology of Education (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Student Stress and Coping
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Education, Achievement, and Giftedness
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Perfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety Studies
Keywords
thought suppression, performance pressure, academic performance, GRADE, negative mood, gender differences, high school students, stress reduction, performance avoidance, coping strategies

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The white bear in the classroom: on the use of thought suppression when stakes are high and pressure to perform increases. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1007/s11218-015-9301-2
The paper
Imhof, M., & Schulte-Jakubowski, K. (2015). The white bear in the classroom: on the use of thought suppression when stakes are high and pressure to perform increases. Social Psychology of Education. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-015-9301-2