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Comparison of LPWAN Technologies: Cost Structure and Scalability
Open accessAbstract
Small-scale commercial rollouts of Cellular-IoT (C-IoT) networks have started globally since last year. However, among the plethora of low power wide area network (LPWAN) technologies, the cost-effectiveness of C-IoT is not certain for IoT service providers, small and greenfield operators. Today, there is no known public framework for the feasibility analysis of IoT communication technologies. Hence, this paper first presents a generic framework to assess the cost structure of cellular and non-cellular LPWAN technologies. Then, we applied the framework in eight deployment scenarios to analyze the prospect of LPWAN technologies like Sigfox, LoRaWAN, NB-IoT, LTE-M, and EC-GSM. We consider the inter-technology interference impact on LoRaWAN and Sigfox scalability. Our results validate that a large rollout with a single technology is not cost-efficient. Also, our analysis suggests the rollout possibility of an IoT communication Technology may not be linear to cost-efficiency.
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“The packet delivery ratio (PDR) obtained in the trials was over 92% in all cases, with better performance in the uplink direction due to the better noise factor of the gateway radio module as compared with that of the end-device.”
From A Comprehensive Survey on TinyML (2023) · cites this paper as [74]
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“Overall, the results demonstrate that the TinyML device was able to achieve long-range connectivity with an efficient transmission technology.”
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“Sanchez-Iborra [74] evaluated the connectivity of a wearable device within a test region using a pre-existing LoRaWAN deployment.The results show that the device achieved good connectivity both indoor and outdoor locations, with a coverage shadow found in an area with dense vegetation and big buildings.”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Hossain, M. I., & Markendahl, J. I.
- Affiliations
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Hossain, Mohammad Istiak
- Venue
- Wireless Personal Communications
- Published
- 2021-07-07
- Volume
- 121
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 887-903
- ISSN
- 0929-6212 (ISSN-L)
- 1572-834X
- OpenAlex
- W3017357076
- Cited by
- 69
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 3
- FWCI
- 3.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Wireless Personal Communications (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Telecommunications Policy
- Funders
- Royal Institute of Technology
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › IoT Networks and Protocols
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › IoT and Edge/Fog Computing
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks
- Keywords
- low-power wide-area networks, cellular IoT, cost structure, scalability, Sigfox, LoRaWAN, NB-IoT, LTE-M, network deployment, cost efficiency, feasibility study
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