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In-vivo and in-silico studies to identify toxicity mechanisms of permethrin with the toxicity-reducing role of ginger

Himtaş, Damla, Yalçin, Emine, Çavuşoğlu, Kültiğin, Acar, Ali·2024·Environmental Science and Pollution Research
DOI 10.1007/s11356-023-31729-5PMC PMC10824804
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Abstract

In this study, the toxic effects of permethrin on Allium cepa L. and the protective role of Zingiber officinale rhizome extract (Zoex) were investigated. In this context, 6 different groups were formed. While the control group was treated with tap water, the groups II and III were treated with 10 µg/mL and 20 µg/mL Zoex, respectively, and the group IV was treated with 100 µg/L permethrin. The protective effect of Zoex against permethrin toxicity was studied as a function of dose, and groups V and VI formed for this purpose were treated with 10 µg/mL Zoex + 100 µg/L permethrin and 20 µg/mL Zoex + 100 µg/L permethrin, respectively. After 72 h of germination, cytogenetic, biochemical, physiological, and anatomical changes in meristematic cells of A. cepa were studied. As a result, permethrin application decreased the mitotic index (MI) and increased the frequency of micronuclei (MN), and chromosomal abnormalities. The increase in malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) and the decrease in glutathione (GSH) indicate that permethrin causes oxidative damage. Compared to the control group, a 68.5% decrease in root elongation (p < 0.05) and an 81.8% decrease (p < 0.05) in weight gain were observed in the permethrin-treated group. It was found that the application of Zoex together with permethrin resulted in regression of all detected abnormalities, reduction in the incidence of anatomical damage, MN and chromosomal aberrations, and improvement in MI rates. The most significant improvement was observed in group VI treated with 20 µg/mL Zoex, and Zoex was also found to provide dose-dependent protection. The toxicity mechanism of permethrin was also elucidated by molecular docking and spectral studies. From the data obtained during the study, it was found that permethrin has toxic effects on A. cepa, a non-target organism, while Zoex plays a protective role by reducing these effects.

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Fig. 1 All parameters investigated in experimental stages
Fig. 1 All parameters investigated in experimental stagesCC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 2 Effects of permethrin and Zoex on antioxidant/oxidant dynamics
Fig. 2 Effects of permethrin and Zoex on antioxidant/oxidant dynamicsCC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 3 Effects of permethrin and Zoex on dividing cell number and MI. Asterisk (*) indicates statistical significance between control and group IV, and ** indicates statistical significance between groups IV and VI
Fig. 3 Effects of permethrin and Zoex on dividing cell number and MI. Asterisk (*) indicates statistical significance between control and group IV, and ** indicates statistical significance between groups IV and VICC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 4 Recovery effects (RE) of the Zoex application against MN and chromosomal aberrations
Fig. 4 Recovery effects (RE) of the Zoex application against MN and chromosomal aberrationsCC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 5 Interaction of permethrin with α- tubulin (a), β-tubulin (b), Histone H2A.6 (c), Histone H2B.1 (d)
Fig. 5 Interaction of permethrin with α- tubulin (a), β-tubulin (b), Histone H2A.6 (c), Histone H2B.1 (d)CC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 6 Permethrin-DNA interaction BNA (a), 195D (b), 1CP8 (c)
Fig. 6 Permethrin-DNA interaction BNA (a), 195D (b), 1CP8 (c)CC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 7 UV-Vis spectrum of Allium DNA in the presence and absence of permethrin
Fig. 7 UV-Vis spectrum of Allium DNA in the presence and absence of permethrinCC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 8 The effect of permethrin and Zoex application on DNA of A. cepa (0, no damage; 1, low damage; 2, moderate damage; 3, high damage; 4, extreme damage
Fig. 8 The effect of permethrin and Zoex application on DNA of A. cepa (0, no damage; 1, low damage; 2, moderate damage; 3, high damage; 4, extreme damageCC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 9 Meristematic cell damage caused by permethrin. Epidermis cells of control (a), cell nucleus (oval) in control (b), cortex cells in control (c), vascular tissue in control (d), epidermis cell damage (e), flattened cell nucleus-white arrow, cortex cell damage-black arrow (f), cortex cell wall thickening (g), and unclear vascular tissue (h). ECD, epidermis cell damage; CCD, cortex cell damage; TCCW, thickening of cortex cell walls; UVT, unclear vascular tissue; FCN, flattened cell nucleus. (-) no damage, ( +) minor damage, (+ +) medium damage, (+ + +) severe damage. Bar 10 µm
Fig. 9 Meristematic cell damage caused by permethrin. Epidermis cells of control (a), cell nucleus (oval) in control (b), cortex cells in control (c), vascular tissue in control (d), epidermis cell damage (e), flattened cell nucleus-white arrow, cortex cell damage-black arrow (f), cortex cell wall thickening (g), and unclear vascular tissue (h). ECD, epidermis cell damage; CCD, cortex cell damage; TCCW, thickening of cortex cell walls; UVT, unclear vascular tissue; FCN, flattened cell nucleus. (-) no damage, ( +) minor damage, (+ +) medium damage, (+ + +) severe damage. Bar 10 µmCC BY · PubMed Central

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Metadata

Authors
Himtaş, D., Yalçin, E., Çavuşoğlu, K., & Acar, A.
Venue
Environmental Science and Pollution Research
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2024-01-08
Volume
31
Issue
6
Pages
9272-9287
ISSN
1614-7499
DOI
10.1007/s11356-023-31729-5
PMC
PMC10824804
Cited by
37
References
2
Language
en
Licence
Funders
Giresun University

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Himtaş, D., Yalçin, E., Çavuşoğlu, K., & Acar, A. (2024). In-vivo and in-silico studies to identify toxicity mechanisms of permethrin with the toxicity-reducing role of ginger. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-31729-5

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