CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 21Agriculture, Plant Science, Crop ManagementPlant-Microbe Interactions and ImmunityPolymer-Based Agricultural Enhancements

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 1 of the 1 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Alternative carrier materials for plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria: progress and perspectives

Open access
Shabir, Rahat, Li, Yantao, Rashti, Mehran Rezaei, Esfandbod, Maryam, Megharaj, Mallavarapu, Chen, Chengrong·2026·Journal of Soils and Sediments
DOI 10.1007/s11368-026-04232-w
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Purpose: Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) inoculants are eco-friendly microbial formulations that offer sustainable alternatives to chemical fertilizers and pesticides, playing an increasingly important role in modern agriculture. However, the success of solid inoculants depends on the choice of carrier material, with peat traditionally dominant, facing limitations due to its non-renewable nature. This review examines alternative carriers that can enhance microbial viability, functionality, and field performance. Methodology: Publications from 2000 to 2025 (with emphasis on 2020–2025) were reviewed across mineral substrates, decayed organic materials, biochar, agro-industrial residues, biopolymers and nano-enabled carriers, focusing on how these materials influence microbial survival, shelf life, crop response, and stress tolerance in both controlled and field studies. Results: Mineral-based carriers such as talc, kaolin, and vermiculite demonstrated improved storage stability, while organic residues, including lignite, mill mud, and composted manures, supported long-term survival and biological nitrogen fixation. Biochar emerged as a versatile carrier with high porosity and water-holding capacity, consistently enhancing root colonization and nodulation. Biopolymers such as alginate and starch improved microbial encapsulation and gradual release in soil environments. More recently, nanomaterials, including polymer nanoshells, silica, and metal organic frameworks, have shown promise for protecting PGPR against abiotic stress and improving delivery efficiency, though their scalability remains limited. Conclusion: Alternative carriers offer viable, sustainable options to replace peat, with biochar and biopolymers demonstrating strong immediate potential and nanocarriers representing a promising frontier. Future research should focus on optimizing these carriers for cost-effectiveness, ecological safety, and large-scale agricultural applications.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/s11368-026-04232-w

Cites

1 of 1 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 200

  1. Abinandan S, Sivaram AK, Chen C, Megharaj M (2025) Long-term storage effects of organic amendments as carrier materials on the viability of bacterial strains: insights from growth analysis and metabolite profiling. Soil Ecol Lett 7:1–9 · DOI
  2. Ajeng AA, Abdullah R, Junia A, Lau BF, Ling TC, Ismail S (2021) Evaluation of palm kernel shell biochar for the adsorption of Bacillus cereus. Phys Scr 96:105004 · DOI
  3. Ajeng AA, Abdullah R, Ling TC, Ismail S (2022) Adhesion of Bacillus salmalaya and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens on oil palm kernel shell biochar: a physicochemical approach. J Environ Chem Eng 10:107115 · DOI
  4. Akimbekov NS, Digel I, Tastambek KT, Sherelkhan DK, Jussupova DB, Altynbay NP (2021) Low-rank coal as a source of humic substances for soil amendment and fertility management. Agriculture 11:1261 · DOI
  5. Aktar S, Hossain MA, Shah K, Mendez A, de Figueiredo CC, Gasco G, Paz-Ferreiro J (2024) Immobilization of heavy metals in biochar derived from biosolids: effect of temperature and carrier gas. Soil Syst 8:117 · DOI
  6. Alimi LO, Alyami MZ, Chand S, Baslyman W, Khashab NM (2021) Coordination-based self-assembled capsules (SACs) for protein, CRISPR–Cas9, DNA and RNA delivery. Chem Sci 12:2329–2344 · DOI
  7. Alipour M, Asadi H, Chen C, Rashti MR (2021) Bioavailability and eco-toxicity of heavy metals in chars produced from municipal sewage sludge decreased during pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonization. Ecol Eng 162:106173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2021.106173 · DOI
  8. Aloo BN, Mbega ER, Makumba BA, Tumuhairwe JB (2022) Effects of carrier materials and storage temperatures on the viability and stability of three biofertilizer inoculants obtained from potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) rhizosphere. Agriculture 12:140 · DOI
  9. Amiet-Charpentier C, Gadille P, Digat B, Benoit JP (1998) Microencapsulation of rhizobacteria by spray-drying: formulation and survival studies. J Microencapsul 15:639–659 · DOI
  10. Argal M, Rawat A, Aher S, Rajput P (2015) Bioefficacy and shelf life of rhizobium leguminosarum loaded on different carriers. Appl Biol Res 17:1–7 · DOI
  11. Argentel-Martínez L, Peñuelas-Rubio O, Herrera-Sepúlveda A, González-Aguilera J, Sudheer S, Salim LM, Lal S, Pradeep CK, Ortiz A, Sansinenea E (2025) Biotechnological advances in plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria for sustainable agriculture. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 41:21 · DOI
  12. Araujo J, Díaz-Alcántara CA, Urbano B, González-Andrés F (2020) Inoculation with native Bradyrhizobium strains formulated with biochar as carrier improves the performance of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.). Eur J Agron 113:125985 · DOI
  13. Bach M, Wilske B, Breuer L (2016) Current economic obstacles to biochar use in agriculture and climate change mitigation. Carbon Manag 7:183–190
  14. Backer R, Rokem JS, Ilangumaran G, Lamont J, Praslickova D, Ricci E, Subramanian S, Smith DL (2018) Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria: context, mechanisms of action, and roadmap to commercialization of biostimulants for sustainable agriculture. Front Plant Sci 9:1473 · DOI
  15. Balkundi SS, Veerabadran NG, Eby DM, Johnson GR, Lvov YM (2009) Encapsulation of bacterial spores in nanoorganized polyelectrolyte shells. Langmuir 25:14011–14016 · DOI
  16. Barot M, Modi A, Husen A (2025) Engineering soil microbiota for crop plant improvement. Agricultural crop improvement. In: Husen A (ed) Agricultural crop improvement: plant and soil relationships. CRC, Boca Raton, pp 56–63
  17. Bashan Y (1998) Inoculants of plant growth-promoting bacteria for use in agriculture. Biotechnol Adv 16:729–770 · DOI
  18. Bashan Y, Hernandez JP, Leyva LA, Bacilio M (2002) Alginate microbeads as inoculant carriers for plant growth-promoting bacteria. Biol Fertil Soils 35:359–368 · DOI
  19. Bashan Y, de-Bashan LE, Prabhu S, Hernandez J-P (2014) Advances in plant growth-promoting bacterial inoculant technology: formulations and practical perspectives (1998–2013). Plant Soil 378:1–33 · DOI
  20. Bashan Y, Salazar B, Puente ME, Bacilio M, Linderman R (2009) Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field using plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost. Biol Fertil Soils 45:585–594 · DOI
  21. Benítez SV, Carrasco R, Giraldo JD, Schoebitz M (2024) Microbeads as carriers for Bacillus pumilus: a biofertilizer focus on auxin production. J Microencapsul 41:170–189 · DOI
  22. Benítez SV, Carrasco R, Bucarey B, Noriega F, López-Belchi MD, Hasbún R, Giraldo JD, Schoebitz M (2025) Solid inoculants: bacterial immobilization routes on the degradation in the soil of alginate-starch-based biofertilizers. Int J Biol Macromol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.145909 · DOI
  23. Bolan S, Hou D, Wang L, Hale L, Egamberdieva D, Tammeorg P, Li R, Wang B, Xu J, Wang T (2023) The potential of Biochar as a microbial carrier for agricultural and environmental applications. Sci Total Environ. 163968 · DOI
  24. Blosi M, Brigliadori A, Zanoni I, Ortelli S, Albonetti S, Costa A (2022) Chlorella vulgaris meets TiO₂ nanoparticles: effective sorbent/photocatalytic hybrid materials for water treatment application. J Environ Manage 304:114187 · DOI
  25. Brahmaprakash G, Sahu PK, Lavanya G, Gupta A, Nair SS, Gangaraddi V (2020) Role of additives in improving efficiency of bioformulation for plant growth and development. In: Nayak SK, Mishra BB (eds) Frontiers in Soil and Environmental Microbiology. CRC Press, Boca Raton (FL), pp 1–10 · DOI
  26. Buntić AV, Stajković-Srbinović OS, Knežević MM, Kuzmanović ĐŽ, Rasulić NV, Delić DI (2019) Development of liquid rhizobial inoculants and pre-inoculation of alfalfa seeds. Arch Biol Sci 71:379–387 · DOI
  27. Cao J, Liu B, Tao Z, Liu F, Liu Q, Li T, Wen L, Gan N (2024) Escherichia coli–polydopamine coated stir bar sorptive extraction combined with portable mass spectrometry for rapid and simultaneous detection of triphenylmethane residues in fish. Microchem J 202:110771 · DOI
  28. Calvo P, Nelson L, Kloepper JW (2014) Agricultural uses of plant biostimulants. Plant Soil 383:3–41 · DOI
  29. Campos DC, Acevedo F, Morales E, Aravena J, Amiard V, Jorquera MA, Inostroza NG, Rubilar M (2014) Microencapsulation by spray drying of nitrogen-fixing bacteria associated with lupin nodules. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 30:2371–2378 · DOI
  30. Chakraborty AP (2020) Carrier based bioformulations of PGPR-characteristics, shelf life and application in improving health status of crop plants—a mini review. Int J Res Rev 7:88–98
  31. Chen J, Gao P, Yuan S, Li R, Ni A, Chu L, Ding L, Sun Y, Liu X-Y, Duan Y (2016) Oncolytic adenovirus complexes coated with lipids and calcium phosphate for cancer gene therapy. ACS Nano 10:11548–11560 · DOI
  32. Chen Y-C, Tuan W-H, Lai P-L (2021) Transformation from calcium sulfate to calcium phosphate in biological environment. J Mater Sci Mater Med 32:1–11 · DOI
  33. Chen X, Li H, Ma Y, Jiang Y (2023) Calcium phosphate-based nanomaterials: preparation, multifunction, and application for bone tissue engineering. Molecules 28:4790 · DOI
  34. Chouhan RS, Qureshi A, Niazi JH (2015) Determining the fate of fluorescent quantum dots on surface of engineered budding S. cerevisiae cell molecular landscape. Biosens Bioelectron 69:26–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2015.02.017 · DOI
  35. da Silva MSRdA, dos Santos BdMS, da Silva CSRdA, da Silva CSRdA, Antunes LFdS, dos Santos RM, Santos CHB, Rigobelo EC (2021) Humic substances in combination with plant growth-promoting bacteria as an alternative for sustainable agriculture. Front Microbiol 12:719653 · DOI
  36. Daudzai Z, Dolphen R, Thiravetyan P (2022) Porous floating Meretrix lusoria shell composite pellets immobilized with nitrate-reducing bacteria for treatment of phosphate and nitrate simultaneously from domestic wastewater. Chem Eng J 429:131463 · DOI
  37. Deaker R, Roughley RJ, Kennedy IR (2004) Legume seed inoculation technology—a review. Soil Biol Biochem 36:1275–1288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2004.04.009 · DOI
  38. Deng Z, Wang J, Yan Y, Wang J, Shao W, Wu Z (2025) Biochar-based Bacillus subtilis inoculants promote plant growth: regulating microbial community to improve soil properties. J Environ Manage 373:123534 · DOI
  39. Deschênes L, Ells T (2020) Bacteria-nanoparticle interactions in the context of nanofouling. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 277:102106 · DOI
  40. Deshmukh SK, Kochar M, Kaur P, Singh PP (2023) Nanotechnology in agriculture and environmental science. CRC, Boca Raton, p 318
  41. Díaz-Rodríguez AM, Parra Cota FI, Cira Chávez LA, García Ortega LF, Estrada Alvarado MI, Santoyo G, de Los Santos-Villalobos S (2025) Microbial inoculants in sustainable agriculture: advancements, challenges, and future directions. Plants 14:191 · DOI
  42. Díez-Méndez A, Marcos-García M, González-Dominici L, Peral-Aranega E, Saati-Santamaria Z, Garcia-Fraile P, Menéndez E (2024) Design and application of microbial biofertilizers. In: Kumar V, Iram S (eds) Microbial Technology for Agro-Ecosystems: Crop Productivity, Sustainability, and Biofortification. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, pp 21–40 · DOI
  43. Doonan C, Riccò R, Liang K, Bradshaw D, Falcaro P (2017) Metal–organic frameworks at the biointerface: synthetic strategies and applications. Acc Chem Res 50:1423–1432. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00090 · DOI
  44. Dubus M, Varin-Simon J, Prada P, Scomazzon L, Reffuveille F, Alem H, Boulmedais F, Mauprivez C, Rammal H, Kerdjoudj H (2020) Biopolymers-calcium phosphate antibacterial coating reduces the pathogenicity of internalized bacteria by mesenchymal stromal cells. Biomater Sci 8:5763–5773 · DOI
  45. Egamberdieva D, Reckling M, Wirth S (2017) Biochar-based Bradyrhizobium inoculum improves growth of lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) under drought stress. Eur J Soil Biol 78:38–42 · DOI
  46. Elhadidy AE (2019) Performance of some new bioformulations against tomato fusarium wilt. Egypt J Desert Res 69:1–19 · DOI
  47. Esmaeel Q, Jacquard C, Sanchez L, Clément C, Ait Barka E (2020) The mode of action of plant associated Burkholderia against grey mould disease in grapevine revealed through traits and genomic analyses. Sci Rep 10:19393 · DOI
  48. Feng Q, Luo Y, Liang M, Cao Y, Wang L, Liu C, Zhang X, Ren L, Wang Y, Wang D (2025) Rhizobacteria protective hydrogel to promote plant growth and adaption to acidic soil. Nat Commun 16:1684 · DOI
  49. Fernandes Júnior PI, Rohr TG, Oliveira PJ, Xavier GR, Rumjanek NG (2009) Polymers as carriers for rhizobial inoculant formulations. Pesq Agropec Bras 44:1184–1190 · DOI
  50. Forestier S, Alvarado G, Badjel Badjel S, Lesueur D (2001) Effect of Rhizobium inoculation methodologies on nodulation and growth of Leucaena leucocephala. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 17:359–362 · DOI
  51. Gallart M, Paungfoo-Lonhienne C, Gonzalez A, Trueman SJ (2021) Nitrogen source influences the effect of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on macadamia integrifolia. Agronomy 11:1064 · DOI
  52. Ghazi AA (2017) Potential for biochar as an alternate carrier to peat moss for the preparation of rhizobia bio inoculum. Microbiol Res J Int 19(2):1–10 · DOI
  53. Gong W, Ran Z, Ye F, Zhao G (2017) Lignin from bamboo shoot shells as an activator and novel immobilizing support for α-amylase. Food Chem 228:455–462 · DOI
  54. Głodowska M, Husk B, Schwinghamer T, Smith DL (2016) Biochar is a growth-promoting alternative to peat moss for the inoculation of corn with a pseudomonad. Agron Sustain Dev 36:21 · DOI
  55. Głodowska M, Schwinghamer T, Husk B, Smith DL (2017) Biochar-based inoculants improve soybean growth and nodulation. Agric Sci 8:1048–1064 · DOI
  56. Gu B, Cai J, Peng G, Zhou H, Zhang W, Zhang D, Gong D (2024) Metal-organic framework-loaded biohybrid magnetic microrobots for enhanced antibacterial treatment. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 685:133295 · DOI
  57. Hajji-Hedfi L, Ibrahim DS, Othmen SB, El-Abeid SE, Hlaoua W, Mosa MA, Rhouma A, Riad SN, Ghareeb S, El-Deriny MM (2025) Production of Microbial Biostimulants as a Response to the Modern Agricultural Need for Productivity and Plant Health. In: Ahmad F, Pandey R (eds) Microbial biostimulants: biorational pesticides for management of plant pathogens. Apple Academic Press, Palm Bay (FL), pp 15–34 · DOI
  58. Hale L, Luth M, Kenney R, Crowley D (2014) Evaluation of pinewood biochar as a carrier of bacterial strain Enterobacter cloacae UW5 for soil inoculation. Appl Soil Ecol 84:192–199 · DOI
  59. Hale L, Luth M, Crowley D (2015) Biochar characteristics relate to its utility as an alternative soil inoculum carrier to peat and vermiculite. Soil Biol Biochem 81:228–235 · DOI
  60. Han SY, Lee H, Nguyen DT, Yun G, Kim S, Park JH, Choi IS (2021) Single-cell nanoencapsulation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by cytocompatible layer‐by‐layer assembly of eggshell membrane hydrolysate and tannic acid. Advanced NanoBiomed Research 1:2000037 · DOI
  61. Han SY, Yun G, Nguyen DT, Kang EK, Lee H, Kim S, Kim BJ, Park JH, Choi IS (2022) Hydrogen-bonding-based layer-by-layer assembly of nature-derived eggshell membrane hydrolysates and coffee melanoidins in single-cell nanoencapsulation. ChemNanoMat 8:e202100535 · DOI
  62. Han SY, Nguyen DT, Kim BJ, Kim N, Kang EK, Park JH, Choi IS (2023) Cytoprotection of probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus with artificial nanoshells of nature-derived eggshell membrane hydrolysates and coffee melanoidins in single-cell nanoencapsulation. Polymers 15:1104 · DOI
  63. Hardy K, Knight JD (2021) Evaluation of biochars as carriers for Rhizobium leguminosarum. Can J Microbiol 67:53–63 · DOI
  64. Heijnen C, Hok-A-Hin C, Van Veen J (1992) Improvements to the use of bentonite clay as a protective agent, increasing survival levels of bacteria introduced into soil. Soil Biol Biochem 24:533–538 · DOI
  65. Hillberg AL, Tabrizian M (2006) Biorecognition through layer-by-layer polyelectrolyte assembly: in-situ hybridization on living cells. Biomacromolecules 7:2742–2750 · DOI
  66. Hong D, Lee H, Ko EH, Lee J, Cho H, Park M, Yang SH, Choi IS (2015) Organic/inorganic double-layered shells for multiple cytoprotection of individual living cells. Chem Sci 6:203–208 · DOI
  67. Huang Y, Sun L, Zhao J, Huang R, Li R, Shen Q (2015) Utilization of different waste proteins to create a novel PGPR-containing bio-organic fertilizer. Sci Rep 5:1–11
  68. Huang X, Li X, Tay A (2024) Advances in techniques to characterize cell-nanomaterial interactions (CNI). Nano Today 55:102149 · DOI
  69. Husna N, Budianta D, Napoleon A (2019) Evaluation of several biochar types as inoculant carrier for Indigenous phosphate solubilizing microoorganism from acid sulphate soil. J Ecol Eng 20(7):185–194
  70. Ijaz M, Tahir M, Shahid M, Ul-Allah S, Sattar A, Sher A, Mahmood K, Hussain M (2019) Combined application of biochar and PGPR consortia for sustainable production of wheat under semiarid conditions with a reduced dose of synthetic fertilizer. Braz J Microbiol 50:449–458 · DOI
  71. Imran A, Sardar F, Khaliq Z, Nawaz MS, Shehzad A, Ahmad M, Yasmin S, Hakim S, Mirza BS, Mubeen F (2022) Tailored bioactive compost from agri-waste improves the growth and yield of chili pepper and tomato. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 9:787764 · DOI
  72. Jian M, Sun X, Zhang H, Li X, Li S, Wang Z (2024) Development of a peptide microarray-based metal-enhanced fluorescence assay for ultrasensitive detection of multiple matrix metalloproteinase activities by using a gold nanorod-polymer substrate. Biosens Bioelectron 246:115871 · DOI
  73. Jiang N, Ying G-L, Yetisen AK, Montelongo Y, Shen L, Xiao Y-X, Busscher HJ, Yang X-Y, Su B-L (2018) A bilayered nanoshell for durable protection of single yeast cells against multiple, simultaneous hostile stimuli. Chem Sci 9:4730–4735 · DOI
  74. Johnson PE, Muttil P, MacKenzie D, Carnes EC, Pelowitz J, Mara NA, Mook WM, Jett SD, Dunphy DR, Timmins GS (2015) Spray-dried multiscale nano-biocomposites containing living cells. ACS Nano 9:6961–6977 · DOI
  75. Kaur R, Kaur S (2023) Carrier-based biofertilizers. In: Singh DP, Gupta VK, Prabha R (eds) Metabolomics, Proteomes and Gene Editing Approaches in Biofertilizer Industry. Springer, Cham, pp 167–186 · DOI
  76. Kavya Y, Trimurtulu N, Gopal AV (2024) Screening of carrier materials for improved shelflife of microbial consortia. Eco Env Cons 30:S79–S84 · DOI
  77. Khan A, Singh AV, Gautam SS, Agarwal A, Punetha A, Upadhayay VK, Kukreti B, Bundela V, Jugran AK, Goel R (2023) Microbial bioformulation: a microbial assisted biostimulating fertilization technique for sustainable agriculture. Front Plant Sci 14:1270039 · DOI
  78. Khot LR, Sankaran S, Maja JM, Ehsani R, Schuster EW (2012) Applications of nanomaterials in agricultural production and crop protection: a review. Crop Prot 35:64–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2012.01.007 · DOI
  79. Kiruba NJM, Saeid A (2022) An insight into microbial inoculants for bioconversion of waste biomass into sustainable bio-organic fertilizers: a bibliometric analysis and systematic literature review. Int J Mol Sci 23:13049 · DOI
  80. Kishorkumar C, Harish S, Karthikeyan G, Sharmila DJS, Nivedha M (2024) Harnessing nanoencapsulated Bacillus spp. consortia to combat groundnut bud necrosis orthotospovirus in tomato. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 16:11185–11193 · DOI
  81. Kovaiou SK, Kokkari A, Floros G, Kantiranis N, Kouloussis NA, Filippidis AA, Koveos DS (2024) Oviposition-deterrent effect of a high-quality natural zeolite on the olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae, under different conditions of temperature and relative humidity. Insects 15:256 · DOI
  82. Konnova SA, Sharipova IR, Demina TA, Osin YN, Yarullina DR, Ilinskaya ON, Lvov YM, Fakhrullin RF (2013) Biomimetic cell-mediated three-dimensional assembly of halloysite nanotubes. Chem Commun 49:4208–4210 · DOI
  83. Lee H, Hong D, Cho H, Kim JY, Park JH, Lee SH, Kim HM, Fakhrullin RF, Choi IS (2016) Turning diamagnetic microbes into multinary micro-magnets: magnetophoresis and spatio-temporal manipulation of individual living cells. Sci Rep 6:38517 · DOI
  84. Lehmann J, Rillig MC, Thies J, Masiello CA, Hockaday WC, Crowley D (2011) Biochar effects on soil biota–a review. Soil Biol Biochem 43:1812–1836 · DOI · Paper page
  85. Li S, Li J, Zhang B, Li G, Li Y, Li D (2016) Influence of inoculants on content and quality of humus during chicken manure composting. Trans Chin Soc Agric Eng 32:268–274
  86. Li L, Li C, Jia L (2021) Unlocking the potential of Escherichia coli modified magnetic particles for chiral discrimination of racemic tryptophan. J Chromatogr A 1659:462638 · DOI
  87. Li Y, Zhang K, Liu P, Chen M, Zhong Y, Ye Q, Wei MQ, Zhao H, Tang Z (2019) Encapsulation of plasmid DNA by nanoscale metal–organic frameworks for efficient gene transportation and expression. Adv Mater 31:1901570. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201901570 · DOI
  88. Li Y, Shabir R, Rashti MR, Megharaj M, Chen C (2023) Cow manure compost-based products as alternative rhizobial carrier materials. Land Degrad Dev 34:6283–6297 · DOI
  89. Liang K, Richardson JJ, Cui J, Caruso F, Doonan CJ, Falcaro P (2016) Metal–organic framework coatings as cytoprotective exoskeletons for living cells. Adv Mater 28:7910–7914. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201602335 · DOI
  90. Liang K, Richardson JJ, Doonan CJ, Mulet X, Ju Y, Cui J, Caruso F, Falcaro P (2017) An enzyme-coated metal–organic framework shell for synthetically adaptive cell survival. Angew Chem Int Ed 56:8510–8515. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201704120 · DOI
  91. Liang W, Wied P, Carraro F, Sumby CJ, Nidetzky B, Tsung C-K, Falcaro P, Doonan CJ (2021) Metal–organic framework-based enzyme biocomposites. Chem Rev 121:10792–10841. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01029 · DOI
  92. Liffourrena AS, Lucchesi GI (2018) Alginate–perlite encapsulated Pseudomonas putida A (ATCC 12633) cells: preparation, characterization and potential use as plant inoculants. J Biotechnol 278:28–33 · DOI
  93. Liu Y, Liu G, Zhang J, Li H, Wu J (2023) Effects of biosolid biochar on crop production and metal accumulation through a rice-wheat rotation system in fields. Environmental Pollutants and Bioavailability 35:2240016 · DOI
  94. Lobo CB, Juárez Tomás MS, Viruel E, Ferrero MA, Lucca ME (2019) Development of low-cost formulations of plant growth-promoting bacteria to be used as inoculants in beneficial agricultural technologies. Microbiol Res 219:12–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2018.10.012 · DOI
  95. Loján P, Demortier M, Velivelli SLS, Pfeiffer S, Suárez JP, de Vos P, Prestwich BD, Sessitsch A, Declerck S (2017) Impact of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria on root colonization potential and life cycle of Rhizophagus irregularis following co-entrapment into alginate beads. J Appl Microbiol 122:429–440 · DOI
  96. Lupwayi NZ, Olsen PE, Sande ES, Keyser HH, Collins MM, Singleton PW, Rice WA (2000) Inoculant quality and its evaluation. Field Crops Res 65:259–270 · DOI
  97. Mahanty T, Bhattacharjee S, Goswami M, Bhattacharyya P, Das B, Ghosh A, Tribedi P (2017) Biofertilizers: a potential approach for sustainable agriculture development. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24:3315–3335 · DOI
  98. Malusá E, Vassilev N (2014) A contribution to set a legal framework for biofertilisers. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 98:6599–6607 · DOI
  99. Malusá E, Sas-Paszt L, Ciesielska J (2012) Technologies for beneficial microorganisms inocula used as biofertilizers. Sci World J 2012:491206 · DOI
  100. Manikandan R, Saravanakumar D, Rajendran L, Raguchander T, Samiyappan R (2010) Standardization of liquid formulation of Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf1 for its efficacy against fusarium wilt of tomato. Biol Control 54:83–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2010.04.004 · DOI
  101. Mensah W, Ewusi-Mensah N, Ulzen J, Ulzen OO, Ayamah A (2025) Potential of biochar‐based inoculant in enhancing rhizobia survival and grain yield of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.). Agrosystems, Geosciences & Environment 8:e70161 · DOI
  102. Mitter B, Brader G, Pfaffenbichler N, Sessitsch A (2019) Next generation microbiome applications for crop production—limitations and the need of knowledge-based solutions. Curr Opin Microbiol 49:59–65 · DOI
  103. Mohamed BA, Ruan R, Bilal M, Khan NA, Awasthi MK, Amer MA, Leng L, Hamouda MA, Vo DVN, Li J (2023) Co-pyrolysis of sewage sludge and biomass for stabilizing heavy metals and reducing biochar toxicity: a review. Environ Chem Lett 21:1231–1250 · DOI
  104. Mansouri S, Merhi Y, Winnik FM, Tabrizian M (2011) Investigation of layer-by-layer assembly of polyelectrolytes on fully functional human red blood cells in suspension for attenuated immune response. Biomacromolecules 12:585–592 · DOI
  105. Moradi Pour M, Saberi Riseh R, Ranjbar-Karimi R, Hassanisaadi M, Rahdar A, Baino F (2022) Microencapsulation of Bacillus velezensis using alginate-gum polymers enriched with TiO2 and SiO2 nanoparticles. Micromachines 13:1423 · DOI
  106. Moradipour M, Saberi-Riseh R, Mohammadinejad R, Hosseini A (2019) Nano-encapsulation of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and their metabolites using alginate–silica nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes improves UCB1 pistachio micropropagation. J Microbiol Biotechnol 29:1096–1103 · DOI
  107. Mukhtar S, Shahid I, Mehnaz S, Malik KA (2017) Assessment of two carrier materials for phosphate solubilizing biofertilizers and their effect on growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L). Microbiol Res 205:107–117 · DOI
  108. Murphy B (2015) Impact of soil organic matter on soil properties—a review with emphasis on Australian soils. Soil Res 53:605–635 · DOI
  109. Murphy JF, Reddy MS, Ryu CM, Kloepper JW, Li R (2003) Rhizobacteria-mediated growth promotion of tomato leads to protection against cucumber mosaic virus. Phytopathology 93:1301–1307 · DOI
  110. Nadeem SM, Imran M, Naveed M, Khan MY, Ahmad M, Zahir ZA, Crowley DE (2017) Synergistic use of biochar, compost and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria for enhancing cucumber growth under water deficit conditions. J Sci Food Agric 97:5139–5145 · DOI
  111. Nam KT, Kim D-W, Yoo PJ, Chiang C-Y, Meethong N, Hammond PT, Chiang Y-M, Belcher AM (2006) Virus-enabled synthesis and assembly of nanowires for lithium ion battery electrodes. Science 312:885–888. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1122716 · DOI
  112. Negi R, Yadav N, Yadav AN (2025) Microbial biofertilizers: A paradigm shift towards agricultural sustainability. Biologia: 1–26 · DOI
  113. Neves AR, Albuquerque T, Biswas S, Costa DRB (2023) Calcium phosphate nanoparticles in therapeutics. Inorganic nanosystems. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 77–104
  114. Nguyen TD, Guyot S, Pénicaud C, Passot S, Sandt C, Fonseca F, Saurel R, Husson F (2020) Highlighting protective effect of encapsulation on yeast cell response to dehydration using synchrotron infrared microspectroscopy at the single-cell level. Front Microbiol 11:1887 · DOI
  115. Niazmand R, Razavizadeh BM (2021) Active polyethylene films incorporated with β-cyclodextrin/Ferula asafoetida extract inclusion complexes: sustained release of bioactive agents. Polym Test 95:107113 · DOI
  116. Nkanga CI, Ortega-Rivera OA, Steinmetz NF (2022) Photothermal immunotherapy of melanoma using TLR-7 agonist-laden tobacco mosaic virus with polydopamine coat. Nanomedicine 44:102573 · DOI
  117. Pal AK, Sarkar B, Sengupta C (2022) Carrier development for PGPR-biofertilizer and its exploitation under cadmium and lead stressed condition. J Microbiol Biotechnol Food Sci : e2506–e2506 · DOI
  118. Parveen N, Mishra R, Singh DV, Kumar P, Singh RP (2023) Assessment of different carrier materials for the preparation of microbial formulations to enhance the shelf life and its efficacy on the growth of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). World J Microbiol Biotechnol 39:180 · DOI
  119. Paungfoo-Lonhienne C, Redding M, Pratt C, Wang W (2019) Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria increase the efficiency of fertilisers while reducing nitrogen loss. J Environ Manag 233:337–341 · DOI
  120. Pavlicevic M, Elmer W, Zuverza-Mena N, Abdelraheem W, Patel R, Dimkpa C, O’Keefe T, Haynes CL, Pagano L, Caldara M (2023) Nanoparticles and biochar with adsorbed plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria alleviate Fusarium wilt damage on tomato and watermelon. Plant Physiol Biochem 203:108052 · DOI
  121. Pawlak A, Belbekhouche S (2021) Controlling the growth of Escherichia coli by layer-by-layer encapsulation. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 206:111950 · DOI
  122. Peil S, Beckers SJ, Fischer J, Wurm FR (2020) Biodegradable, lignin-based encapsulation enables delivery of Trichoderma reesei with programmed enzymatic release against grapevine trunk diseases. Mater Today Bio 7:100061 · DOI
  123. Pereira JF, Oliveira ALM, Sartori D, Yamashita F, Mali S (2023) Perspectives on the use of biopolymeric matrices as carriers for plant-growth promoting bacteria in agricultural systems. Microorganisms 11:467 · DOI
  124. Pierson D, Anderson N, Brewen J, Clark N, Hardy MC, McCollum D, McCormick FH, Morisette J, Nicosia T, Page-Dumroese D (2024) Beyond the basics: a perspective on barriers and opportunities for scaling up biochar production from forest slash. Biochar 6:1 · DOI
  125. Pilarska AA, Wolna-Maruwka A, Pilarski K (2018) Kraft lignin grafted with polyvinylpyrrolidone as a novel microbial carrier in biogas production. Energies 11:1–22 · DOI
  126. Prazaru SC, Tirello P, Rossetto F, Pozzebon A, Duso C (2024) Kaolin in vineyards: effects on the leafhopper Erasmoneura vulnerata and non-target species such as predatory mites and egg parasitoids. Crop Prot 179:106628 · DOI
  127. Rahimi D, Sadeghi A, Kashaninejad M, Ebrahimi M (2024) Postbiotic characterization of a potential probiotic yeast isolate, and its microencapsulation in alginate beads coated layer-by-layer with chitosan. Heliyon 10:e24435 · DOI
  128. Rayne N, Aula L (2020) Livestock manure and the impacts on soil health: a review. Soil Syst 4:64 · DOI
  129. Regkouzas P, Komioti E, Diamadopoulos E (2025) Determination of Phosphorus and Metal Leaching Potential in Sewage Sludge Biochar. Circ Econ Sustain: 1–12 · DOI
  130. Rekha PD, Lai WA, Arun AB, Young CC (2007) Effect of free and encapsulated Pseudomonas putida CC-FR2-4 and Bacillus subtilis CC-pg104 on plant growth under gnotoblotic conditions. Bioresour Technol 98:447–451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2006.01.009 · DOI
  131. Rivera D, Obando M, Barbosa H, Rojas Tapias D, Bonilla Buitrago R (2014) Evaluation of polymers for the liquid rhizobial formulation and their influence in the Rhizobium-cowpea interaction. Univ Sci 19:265–275 · DOI
  132. Rojas-Higuera NS, Pava-Sánchez AM, Rangel DLP, Díaz-Ariza LA, Quevedo-Hidalgo B, Pedroza-Rodríguez AM (2017) Bio-transformed sawdust by white rot fungi used as a carrier for plant growth-promoting bacteria. Eur J Wood Wood Prod 75:263–273. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-016-1099-x · DOI
  133. Rojas-Padilla J, De-Bashan LE, Parra-Cota FI, Rocha-Estrada J, De Los Santos-Villalobos S (2022) Microencapsulation of Bacillus strains for improving wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum) growth and development. Plants 11:2920 · DOI
  134. Rojas-Padilla J, Díaz-Rodríguez AM, de los Santos Villalobos S (2024) Bioformulation of bacterial inoculants. New insights, trends, and challenges in the development and applications of microbial inoculants in agriculture. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 201–230
  135. Rojas-Tapias D, Ortega Sierra O, Rivera Botia D, Bonilla R (2015) Preservation of Azotobacter chroococcum vegetative cells in dry polymers. Univ Sci 20:201–207 · DOI
  136. Rombel A, Krasucka P, Oleszczuk P (2022) Sustainable biochar-based soil fertilizers and amendments as a new trend in biochar research. Sci Total Environ 816:151588 · DOI · Paper page
  137. Saberi-Riseh R, Moradi-Pour M, Mohammadinejad R, Thakur VK (2021) Biopolymers for biological control of plant pathogens: advances in microencapsulation of beneficial microorganisms. Polymers 13:1938 · DOI
  138. Safari M, Motamedi E, Dolatabad HK, Sanavy SAMM (2020) Nano-carriers effects on the viability and efficiency of Pseudomonas strains as phosphate solubilizing bacteria. Heliyon 6:e04768 · DOI
  139. Saha A, Sekharan S, Manna U (2020) Superabsorbent hydrogel (SAH) as a soil amendment for drought management: a review. Soil Tillage Res 204:104736 · DOI
  140. Sakkos JK, Wackett LP, Aksan A (2019) Enhancement of biocatalyst activity and protection against stressors using a microbial exoskeleton. Sci Rep 9:1–12 · DOI
  141. Sashidhar P, Kochar M, Singh B, Gupta M, Cahill D, Adholeya A, Dubey M (2020) Biochar for delivery of agri-inputs: current status and future perspectives. Sci Total Environ 703:134892 · DOI
  142. Savarese C, Cozzolino V, Verrillo M, Vinci G, De Martino A, Scopa A, Piccolo A (2022) Combination of humic biostimulants with a microbial inoculum improves lettuce productivity, nutrient uptake, and primary and secondary metabolism. Plant Soil 481:285–314 · DOI
  143. Saxena J, Rana G, Pandey M (2013) Impact of addition of biochar along with Bacillus sp. on growth and yield of French beans. Sci Hortic 162:351–356 · DOI
  144. Schoebitz M, Simonin H, Poncelet D (2012) Starch filler and osmoprotectants improve the survival of rhizobacteria in dried alginate beads. J Microencapsul 29:532–538 · DOI
  145. Schoebitz M, López MD, Roldán A (2013) Bioencapsulation of microbial inoculants for better soil-plant fertilization. A review. Agron Sustain Dev 33:751–765. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-013-0142-0 · DOI
  146. Sekhon KK, Keshani (2024) Microbial inoculum improvement for soil health. Advancements in microbial biotechnology for soil health. Springer, Cham, pp 89–112
  147. Şenol Kotan M, Dikbaş N, Kotan R (2024) Solid carrier bacterial formulations against fusarium root and stem rot disease in cucumber. J Plant Pathol 106:153–163 · DOI
  148. Shabir R, Li Y, Megharaj M, Chen C (2023a) Biopolymer as an additive for effective biochar-based rhizobial inoculant. Sci Total Environ : 169263 · DOI
  149. Shabir R, Li Y, Zhang L, Chen C (2023b) Biochar surface properties and chemical composition determine the rhizobial survival rate. J Environ Manage 326:116594 · DOI
  150. Shabir R, Li Y, Megharaj M, Chen C (2024) Pyrolysis temperature affects biochar suitability as an alternative rhizobial carrier. Biol Fertil Soils 60:681–697 · DOI
  151. Shanmugam S, Krishnaswamy S, Chandrababu R, Veerabagu U, Pugazhendhi A, Mathimani T (2020) Optimal immobilization of Trichoderma asperellum laccase on polymer coated Fe3O4@ SiO2 nanoparticles for enhanced biohydrogen production from delignified lignocellulosic biomass. Fuel 273:117777 · DOI
  152. Sharma R, Kumari A (2022) Potential applications of biorenewable nanocomposite materials for electrocatalysis, energy storage, and wastewater treatment. Biorenewable nanocomposite materials, vol 1: electrocatalysts and energy storage. ACS, Washington, DC, pp 291–318
  153. Sharma M, Reynnells R (2018) Importance of soil amendments: survival of bacterial pathogens in manure and compost used as organic fertilizers. Preharvest food safety. Springer, Cham, pp 159–175 · DOI
  154. Sifana NO, Septiani NLW, Septama AW, Manurung RV, Yuliarto B, Jenie SA (2024) Detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus using vancomycin conjugated silica-based fluorescent nanoprobe. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 307:123643 · DOI
  155. Singh A, Singh AP, Singh SK, Rai S, Kumar D (2016) Impact of addition of Biochar along with PGPR on rice yield, availability of nutrients and their uptake in alluvial soil. J Pure Appl Microbiol 10:2181–2188 · DOI
  156. Singh R, White JF, de Vries M, Beddome G, Dai M, Bean AG, Mulet X, Layton D, Doherty CM (2022) Biomimetic metal-organic frameworks as protective scaffolds for live-virus encapsulation and vaccine stabilization. Acta Biomater 142:320–331 · DOI
  157. Sivaram AK, Abinandan S, Chen C, Venkateswartlu K, Megharaj M (2023) Microbial inoculant carriers: soil health improvement and moisture retention in sustainable agriculture. Adv Agron 180:35–91 · DOI
  158. Sohaib M, Zahir ZA, Khan MY, Ans M, Asghar HN, Yasin S, Al-Barakah FN (2020) Comparative evaluation of different carrier-based multi-strain bacterial formulations to mitigate the salt stress in wheat. Saudi J Biol Sci 27:777–787 · DOI
  159. Som I, Roy M, Saha R (2020) Advances in nanomaterial-based water treatment approaches for photocatalytic degradation of water pollutants. ChemCatChem 12:3409–3433. https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201902081 · DOI
  160. Stamenković S, Beškoski V, Karabegović I, Lazić M, Nikolić N (2018) Microbial fertilizers: a comprehensive review of current findings and future perspectives. Span J Agric Res. https://doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2018161-12117 · DOI
  161. Stella D, Sivasakthivelan P (2009) Effect of different organic amendments addition into azospirillum bioinoculant with lignite as carrier material. Bot Res Int 2:229–232
  162. Stephens J, Rask H (2000) Inoculant production and formulation. Field Crops Res 65:249–258 · DOI
  163. Sun D, Hale L, Crowley D (2016) Nutrient supplementation of pinewood biochar for use as a bacterial inoculum carrier. Biol Fertil Soils 52:515–522 · DOI
  164. Sun Y, Tang L, Cui Y, Yang D, Gao H, Chen J, Zheng Z, Guo C (2025) Inoculation of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and rhizobia changes the protist community of alfalfa rhizosphere soil under saline-alkali environment. Appl Soil Ecol 206:105775 · DOI
  165. Swetha S, Jeeva M, Minchitha K (2025) Integrating nanomaterials and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria for enhanced plant disease management: an overview. J Plant Dis Prot 132:1–14 · DOI
  166. Szczech M, Maciorowski R (2016) Microencapsulation technique with organic additives for biocontrol agents. J Hortic Res 24:111–122 · DOI
  167. Tao S, Wang Z, He X, Ye BC, Li C (2018) Characterization of biochar prepared from cotton stalks as efficient inoculum carriers for Bacillus subtilis SL-13. BioResources 13:1773–1786 · DOI
  168. Temprano F, Albareda M, Camacho M, Daza A, Santamaria C, Rodríguez-Navarro ND (2002) Survival of several Rhizobium/Bradyrhizobium strains on different inoculant formulations and inoculated seeds. Int Microbiol 5:81–86 · DOI
  169. Thakur R, Dhar H, Mathew S, Gulati A (2024) PGPR inoculants journey from lab to land: challenges and limitations. Microbiol Res 289:1–2 · DOI
  170. Tripti, Kumar A, Usmani Z, Kumar V, Anshumali (2017) Biochar and fly ash inoculated with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria act as potential biofertilizers for luxuriant growth and yield of tomato. J Environ Manage 190:20–27 · DOI
  171. Tsabedze SA, Otieno B, Thomas AR, Getahun ST (2025) Phytotoxicity and quality in compost: a concise review of sewage sludge and green waste applications. J Mater Cycles Waste Manag : 1–18 · DOI
  172. Vahidimehr A, Khiabani MS, Mokarram RR, Kafil HS, Ghiasifar S, Vahidimehr A (2020) Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactobacillus rhamnosus cell walls immobilized on nano-silica entrapped in alginate as aflatoxin M1 binders. Int J Biol Macromol 164:1080–1086 · DOI
  173. Vassilev N, Vassileva M, Martos V, Garcia Del Moral LF, Kowalska J, Tylkowski B, Malusá E (2020) Formulation of microbial inoculants by encapsulation in natural polysaccharides: focus on beneficial properties of carrier additives and derivatives. Front Plant Sci 11:270–270. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.00270 · DOI
  174. Vecstaudza D, Senkovs M, Nikolajeva V, Kasparinskis R, Muter O (2017) Wooden biochar as a carrier for endophytic isolates. Rhizosphere 3:126–127. Głodowska M, Schwinghamer T, Husk B, Smith DL (2017) Biochar-based inoculants improve soybean growth and nodulation. Agric Sci 8:1048–1064 · DOI
  175. Vejan P, Khadiran T, Abdullah R, Ismail S, Dadrasnia A (2019) Encapsulation of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria—prospects and potential in agricultural sector: a review. J Plant Nutr 42:2600–2623 · DOI
  176. Wahab A, Muhammad M, Ullah S, Abdi G, Shah GM, Zaman W, Ayaz A (2024) Agriculture and environmental management through nanotechnology: eco-friendly nanomaterial synthesis for soil-plant systems, food safety, and sustainability. Sci Total Environ. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171862 · DOI
  177. Wang B, Liu P, Jiang W, Pan H, Xu X, Tang R (2008) Yeast cells with an artificial mineral shell: protection and modification of living cells by biomimetic mineralization. Angew Chem 120:3616–3620 · DOI
  178. Wang X, Deng Y, Li S, Wang G, Qin E, Xu X, Tang R, Qin C (2012) Biomineralization-based virus shell-engineering: towards neutralization escape and tropism expansion. Adv Healthc Mater 1:443–449. https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.201200034 · DOI
  179. Wang G, Cao R-Y, Chen R, Mo L, Han J-F, Wang X, Xu X, Jiang T, Deng Y-Q, Lyu K, Zhu S-Y, Qin E-D, Tang R, Qin C-F (2013) Rational design of thermostable vaccines by engineered peptide-induced virus self-biomineralization under physiological conditions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 110:7619–7624. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1300233110 · DOI
  180. Wang X, Tang D, Wang W (2021) Characterization of Pseudomonas protegens SN15-2 microcapsule encapsulated with oxidized alginate and starch. Int J Polym Mater Polym Biomater 70:684–692 · DOI
  181. Wang L, Liang L, Li N, Chen G, Guo H, Hou La (2025) A mini-review of sludge-derived biochar (SDB) for wastewater treatment: recent advances in 2020–2025. Appl Sci 15:6173 · DOI
  182. Wei H, Yang X-Y, Geng W, van der Mei HC, Busscher HJ (2021) Interfacial interactions between protective, surface-engineered shells and encapsulated bacteria with different cell surface composition. Nanoscale 13:7220–7233 · DOI
  183. Werner KA, Castro-Herrera D, Yimer F, Tadesse M, Kim D-G, Prost K, Brüggemann N, Grohmann E (2023) Microbial risk assessment of mature compost from human excreta, cattle manure, organic waste, and biochar. Sustainability 15:4624 · DOI
  184. Woo J-I, Adhikari A, Gam H-J, Jeon JR, Lee D-S, Kwon E-H, Kang S-M, Yun B-W, Lee I-J (2025) Integrated role of biochar and PGPR (Leclercia adecarboxylata HW04) in enhancing cadmium phytoremediation and stress tolerance in Glycine max L. Plant Physiol Biochem. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.109489 · DOI
  185. Wortmann C, Shapiro C (2008) The effects of manure application on soil aggregation. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst 80:173–180 · DOI
  186. Wu Z, Chen X, Lu X, Zhu Y, Han X, Yan J, Yan L, Zou W (2025) Impact of combined organic amendments and chemical fertilizers on soil microbial limitations, soil quality, and soybean yield. Plant Soil 507:317–334 · DOI
  187. Xu D, Yu X, Chen J, Li X, Chen J, Li J (2023) Effects of compost as a soil amendment on bacterial community diversity in saline–alkali soil. Front Microbiol 14:1253415 · DOI
  188. Yang SH, Lee K-B, Kong B, Kim J-H, Kim H-S, Choi IS (2009) Biomimetic encapsulation of individual cells with silica. Angew Chem Int Ed 48:9160–9163. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200903010 · DOI
  189. Yang SH, Ko EH, Choi IS (2012) Cytocompatible encapsulation of individual chlorella cells within titanium dioxide shells by a designed catalytic peptide. Langmuir 28:2151–2155. https://doi.org/10.1021/la203667z · DOI
  190. Youn W, Kim JY, Park J, Kim N, Choi H, Cho H, Choi IS (2020) Single-cell nanoencapsulation: from passive to active shells. Adv Mater 32:1907001 · DOI
  191. Young C-C, Rekha PD, Lai W-A, Arun AB (2006) Encapsulation of plant growth-promoting bacteria in alginate beads enriched with humic acid. Biotechnol Bioeng 95:76–83. https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.20957 · DOI
  192. Zdarta J, Klapiszewski Ł, Wysokowski M, Norman M, Kołodziejczak-Radzimska A, Moszyński D, Ehrlich H, Maciejewski H, Stelling AL, Jesionowski T (2015) Chitin-lignin material as a novel matrix for enzyme immobilization. Mar Drugs 13:2424–2446 · DOI
  193. Zhang X, Zhao H, Zhang J, Li Z (2004) Growth of azotobacter vinelandii in a solid-state fermentation of technical lignin. Bioresour Technol 95:31–33 · DOI
  194. Zhang H, Liu Y, Wang G (2019) Integrated use of maize bran residue for one-step phosphate bio-fertilizer production. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 187:1475–1487. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-018-2874-4 · DOI
  195. Zhang M, Ping H, Fang W, Wan F, Xie H, Zou Z, Fu Z (2020) Particle-attachment crystallization facilitates the occlusion of micrometer-sized Escherichia coli in calcium carbonate crystals with stable fluorescence. J Mater Chem B 8:9269–9276 · DOI
  196. Zhang Y, Hao H, Lin J, Ma Z, Li H, Nie Z, Cui Y, Guo Z, Zhang Y, Wang X (2022) Conformation-stabilized amorphous nanocoating for rational design of long-term thermostable viral vaccines. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 14:39873–39884 · DOI
  197. Zhang S-M, Jin X-K, Luo G-F, Liang J-L, Wang Y-Z, Wang J-W, Meng R, Lin Y-T, Chen W-H, Zhang X-Z (2023) An engineered bacterium-based lactate bioconsumer for regulating immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment to potentiate antitumor immunity. ACS Mater Lett 5:2785–2798 · DOI
  198. Zhao L, Lu L, Wang A, Zhang H, Huang M, Wu H, Xing B, Wang Z, Ji R (2020) Nano-biotechnology in agriculture: use of nanomaterials to promote plant growth and stress tolerance. J Agric Food Chem 68:1935–1947. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.9b06615 · DOI
  199. Zheng BX, Ding K, Yang XR, Wadaan MA, Hozzein WN, Peñuelas J, Zhu YG (2019) Straw biochar increases the abundance of inorganic phosphate-solubilizing bacterial community for better rape (Brassica napus) growth and phosphate uptake. Sci Total Environ 647:1113–1120 · DOI
  200. Zhu L, Shen B, Song Z, Jiang L (2020) Permeabilized TreS-expressing Bacillus subtilis cells decorated with glucose isomerase and a shell of ZIF-8 as a reusable biocatalyst for the coproduction of Trehalose and Fructose. J Agric Food Chem 68:4464–4472 · DOI

Metadata

Authors
Shabir, R., Li, Y., Rashti, M. R., Esfandbod, M., Megharaj, M., & Chen, C.
Affiliations
  • Griffith University (AU)
  • Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (AU)
  • University of Newcastle Australia (AU)
Corresponding author
Chen, Chengrong
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Soils and Sediments
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2026-02
Volume
26
Issue
2
ISSN
  • 1439-0108 (ISSN-L)
  • 1614-7480
DOI
10.1007/s11368-026-04232-w
OpenAlex
W7128504598
Cited by
21
References
1
Citations by year
2026: 21
FWCI
64.12
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
Journal of Soils and Sediments (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
Griffith University
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Agriculture, Plant Science, Crop Management
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant-Microbe Interactions and Immunity
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Polymer-Based Agricultural Enhancements
Keywords
plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, microbial inoculants, carrier materials, biochar, biopolymers, alginate encapsulation, starch encapsulation, nanocarriers, metal-organic frameworks, silica, talc, kaolin, vermiculite, lignite, composted manure, nitrogen fixation, root colonization, nodulation, microbial viability, shelf life, abiotic stress tolerance, sustainable agriculture

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review