From Particle Acceleration to Impact and Bonding in Cold Spraying
Open accessAbstract
In conventional thermal spraying, the spray particles are partially or fully molten when they deposit on the substrate. Cold spraying, in contrast, uses less thermal and more kinetic energy. In this process, solid particles impact on the substrate at high velocities and form excellent coatings. Due to comparatively low temperatures and typically inert process gases, cold spraying is particularly suitable for heat and oxidation sensitive materials. In recent years, modeling and computational methods have been widely used to study this relatively new spraying process, particularly to describe impact conditions of particles, to improve nozzle design, and to provide a better understanding of the thermo-mechanical processes that lead to particle bonding and deposition. This paper summarizes the state of the art in these theoretical studies, alongside a comprehensive description of the process. The paper also discusses the prediction of coating properties in the light of modeling combined with experimental investigations.
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The numerical models demonstrated by Assadi et al. and Schmidt et al. achieved similar results.
“The numerical models demonstrated by Assadi et al. [41] and Schmidt et al. [42] achieved similar results.”
From Cold Spray Process for Co-Deposition of Copper and Aluminum Particles (2023) · cites this paper as [42]
The Introduction describes Schmidt et al.’s numerical modeling, and the impact-modeling discussion (p. 798) identifies a common finding across its simulations. Our copy does not compare a model by Assadi et al. with one by Schmidt et al. or establish that the two achieved similar results. (LLM, conf=0.78)
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Research works printed but not linked: 8
- A. Papyrin, Cold Spray Technology, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2007
- R.G. Maev and V. Leshchynsky, Introduction to Low Pressure Gas Dynamic Spray: Physics & Technology, Wiley-VCH, Wein- heim, 2008
- V.K. Champagne, The Cold Spray Materials Deposition Process: Fundamentals and Applications, CRC Press, Cambridge, 2007
- D. Grasme, First Serial Application of Cold Spraying for Coating Heat Sinks, Proc. 6. Kolloqium Hochgeschwindigkeits -Flam- mspritzen, P. Heinrich, Ed., Nov 27-28, 2003 (Erding, Germany), Gemeinschaft Thermisches Spritzen e.V., Unterschleißheim, Germany, 2003, p 119-122
- T. Schmidt, F. Gaertner, H. Kreye, and T. Klassen, Correlation of Particle Impact Conditions and Coating Properties in Cold Spraying, Proceedings of the ITSC 2008 ''Thermal Spray Crossing Borders'', E. Lugscheider, Ed. (Du ¨sseldorf, Germany), DVS- Verlag GmbH, 2008, p 724-731. ISBN 978-3-8715-979-2, on CD
- T. Stoltenhoff, ''Kaltgasspritzen von Kupfer -Eine stro ¨mungs- mechanische und werkstoffkundliche Analyse und Optimierung des Spritzprozesses,'' Ph.D. Thesis, Helmut Schmidt University, Hamburg, Germany, 2003, Shaker Verlag, Aachen, Germany, 2004. ISBN 3-8322-2302-9
- T. Schmidt, ''Kaltgasspritzen -Eine Analyse des Materialver- haltens beim Partikelaufprall und die daraus abgeleitete Proz- essoptimierung,'' Ph.D. Thesis, Helmut Schmidt University, Hamburg, Germany, 2007, Shaker Verlag, Aachen, Germany, 2007. ISBN 978-3-8322-6399-7
- H.J. Kim, C.H. Lee, and S.Y. Hwang, Superhard Nano WC-12%Co Coating by Cold Spray Deposition, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2005, 391, p 243-248 808-Volume 18(5-6) Mid-December 2009 Journal of Thermal Spray Technology
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Adhesion strength of titanium particles to alumina substrates: A combined cold spray and LIPIT study
Imbriglio, S. I., Hassani-Gangaraj, M., Veysset, D., Aghasibeig, M., Gauvin, R., Nelson, K. A., Schuh, C. A., & Chromik, R. R. (2019) · Surface and Coatings Technology · doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2019.01.071 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Indu Kumar, K. K., Patel, M. B., Boese, S., Gouldstone, A., Champagne, V. K., & Özdemir, O. Ç. (2024) · Journal of Thermal Spray Technology · doi:10.1007/s11666-024-01738-y · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Cold Spray Process for Co-Deposition of Copper and Aluminum Particles
Hu, S., Li, H., Zhang, L., & Xu, Y. (2023) · Coatings · doi:10.3390/coatings13111953 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
- Authors
- Schmidt, T., Assadi, H., Gärtner, F., Richter, H., Stoltenhoff, T., Kreye, H., & Klassen, T.
- Affiliations
- Helmut Schmidt University (DE)
- Tarbiat Modares University (IR)
- Dartmouth College (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gärtner, Frank
- Venue
- Journal of Thermal Spray Technology
- Published
- 2009-08-06
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 5-6
- ISSN
- 1059-9630 (ISSN-L)
- 1544-1016
- OpenAlex
- W2032217289
- Cited by
- 638
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 38 · 2025: 56 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 56 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 48 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 49 · 2017: 47 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 32.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Thermal Spray Technology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › High-Temperature Coating Behaviors
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Surface Treatment and Coatings
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Additive Manufacturing Materials and Processes
- Keywords
- cold spray, particle acceleration, particle impact, particle bonding, coating deposition, thermomechanical processes, nozzle design
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