Cited by 221Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular HealthCholesterol and Lipid MetabolismAtherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Diseases

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How Do Elevated Triglycerides and Low HDL-Cholesterol Affect Inflammation and Atherothrombosis?

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Welty, Francine K.·2013·Current Cardiology Reports

DOI 10.1007/s11886-013-0400-4PMC PMC4465984

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Abstract

This review article summarizes recent research into the mechanisms as to how elevated levels of triglyceride (TG) and low levels of high- density- lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) contribute to inflammation and atherosclerosis. Evidence supports the role of TG-rich lipoproteins in signaling mechanisms via apolipoproteins C-III and free fatty acids leading to activation of NFKβ, VCAM-1 and other inflammatory mediators which lead to fatty streak formation and advanced atherosclerosis. Moreover, the cholesterol content in TG-rich lipoproteins has been shown to predict CAD risk better than LDL-C. In addition to reverse cholesterol transport, HDL has many other cardioprotective effects which include regulating immune function. The "functionality" of HDL appears more important than the level of HDL-C. Insulin resistance and central obesity underlie the pathophysiology of elevated TG and low HDL-C in metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Lifestyle recommendations including exercise and weight loss remain first line therapy in ameliorating insulin resistance and the adverse signaling processes from elevated levels of TG-rich lipoproteins and low HDL-C.

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Authors: Welty, F. K.
Affiliations: Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
Corresponding author: Welty, Francine K.
ORCID: Welty, Francine K.
Venue: Current Cardiology Reports
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2013-07-24
Volume: 15
Issue: 9
Pages: 400-400
ISSN: 1523-3782 (ISSN-L)
1534-3170
DOI: 10.1007/s11886-013-0400-4
PMC: PMC4465984
OpenAlex: W2020040555
Cited by: 221
References: 120
Citations by year: 2026: 16 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 2
FWCI: 0.94
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Current Cardiology Reports (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5p50hl083813-05)
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (P50-HL083813)
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (R01DE018184)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Cholesterol and Lipid Metabolism
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Diseases
Keywords: triglyceride elevation, low HDL cholesterol, atherosclerosis, atherothrombosis, inflammation, triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, apolipoprotein C-III, free fatty acids, NF-κB, VCAM-1, fatty streak formation, coronary artery disease risk, reverse cholesterol transport, HDL function, immune function, insulin resistance, abdominal obesity, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, physical activity, weight loss
MeSH terms: Coronary Artery Disease, Humans, Inflammation, Cholesterol, HDL, Thrombosis, Triglycerides, Biomarkers, Inflammation Mediators, Metabolic Syndrome, Atherosclerosis, Plaque, Atherosclerotic

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How Do Elevated Triglycerides and Low HDL-Cholesterol Affect Inflammation and Atherothrombosis?

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