The “His and Hers” of the Renin-Angiotensin System
Abstract
Sex differences exist in the regulation of arterial pressure and renal function by the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). This may in part stem from a differential balance in the pressor and depressor arms of the RAS. In males, the ACE/AngII/AT(1)R pathways are enhanced, whereas, in females, the balance is shifted towards the ACE2/Ang(1-7)/MasR and AT(2)R pathways. Evidence clearly demonstrates that premenopausal women, as compared to aged-matched men, are protected from renal and cardiovascular disease, and this differential balance of the RAS between the sexes likely contributes. With aging, this cardiovascular protection in women is lost and this may be related to loss of estrogen postmenopause but the possible contribution of other sex hormones needs to be further examined. Restoration of these RAS depressor pathways in older women, or up-regulation of these in males, represents a therapeutic target that is worth pursuing.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Sex differences have been found in the RAS and renal handling of calcium.
“However, sex differences have been found in the RAS [60] and renal handling of calcium [61,62].”
Cites
Renin angiotensin system and gender differences in the cardiovascular system
Fischer, M. (2002) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1016/s0008-6363(01)00479-5 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Hypertension: Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone System Alterations
te Riet, L., van Esch, J. H. M., Roks, A. J. M., van den Meiracker, A. H., & Danser, A. H. J. (2015) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.116.303587 · Cited by 706 · see citing works
Bhargava, A., Arnold, A. P., Bangasser, D. A., Denton, K. M., Gupta, A., Hilliard Krause, L. M., Mayer, E. A., McCarthy, M., Miller, W. L., Raznahan, A., et al. (2021) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/endrev/bnaa034 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Angiotensin AT2 Receptor: From a Binding Site to a Novel Therapeutic Target
Steckelings, U. M., Widdop, R. E., Sturrock, E. D., Lubbe, L., Hussain, T., Kaschina, E., Unger, T., Hallberg, A., Carey, R. M., & Sumners, C. (2022) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pharmrev.120.000281 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Sex-specific long-term blood pressure regulation: Modeling and analysis
Leete, J., & Layton, A. T. (2019) · Computers in Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2018.11.002 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Stadt, M. M., & Layton, A. T. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.05.01.651663
“However, sex differences have been found in the RAS [60] and renal handling of calcium [61,62].”
- Authors
- Hilliard, L. M., Sampson, A. K., Brown, R. D., & Denton, K. M.
- Affiliations
- Monash University (AU)
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Denton, Kate M.
- Venue
- Current Hypertension Reports
- Published
- 2012-11-21
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 71-79
- ISSN
- 1522-6417 (ISSN-L)
- 1534-3111
- OpenAlex
- W2052329642
- Cited by
- 228
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 6
- FWCI
- 1.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Current Hypertension Reports (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Renin-Angiotensin System Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Genetics › Coagulation, Bradykinin, Polyphosphates, and Angioedema
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Eicosanoids and Hypertension Pharmacology
- Keywords
- renin-angiotensin system, sex differences, blood pressure regulation, renal function, angiotensin II type 1 receptor, angiotensin II type 2 receptor, ACE2, angiotensin-(1-7), Mas receptor, premenopausal women, aging, cardioprotection, hypertension
- MeSH terms
- Proto-Oncogene Mas, Animals, Blood Pressure, Estrogens, Female, Humans, Male, Polymorphism, Genetic, Receptors, Angiotensin, Renin, Renin-Angiotensin System, Sex Chromosomes, Sex Factors, Testosterone, Signal Transduction, Genes, sry
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
