The DOI matches its Crossref record; 68 of the 68 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Psychosocial Factors Predict Pain and Physical Health After Lower Extremity Trauma
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: There has been increasing evidence to support the importance of psychosocial factors to poor outcomes after trauma. However, little is known about the contribution of pain catastrophizing and fear of movement to persistent pain and disability. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: Therefore, we aimed to determine whether (1) high pain catastrophizing scores are independently associated with pain intensity or pain interference; (2) high fear of movement scores are independently associated with decreased physical health; and (3) depressive symptoms are independently associated with pain intensity, pain interference, or physical health at 1 year after accounting for patient characteristics of age and education. METHODS: Of 207 eligible patients, we prospectively enrolled 134 patients admitted to a Level I trauma center for surgical treatment of a fracture to the lower extremity. Sixty percent of patients (80 of 134) had an isolated lower extremity injury and the remainder sustained additional minor injury to the head/spine, abdomen/thorax, or upper extremity. Pain catastrophizing was measured with the Pain Catastrophizing Scale, fear of movement with the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia, and depressive symptoms with the Patient Health Questionnaire. Pain and physical health outcomes were assessed with the Brief Pain Inventory and the SF-12, respectively. Assessments were completed at 4 weeks and 1 year after hospitalization. Multiple variable hierarchical linear regression analyses were used to address study hypotheses. One hundred ten patients (82%) completed the 1-year followup. RESULTS: Pain catastrophizing at 4 weeks was associated with pain intensity (β = 0.67; p < 0.001) and pain interference (β = 0.38; p = 0.03) at 1 year. No association was found between fear of movement and physical health (β = 0.15; p = 0.34). Depressive symptoms at 4 weeks were associated with pain intensity (β = 0.49; p < 0.001), pain interference (β = 0.51; p < 0.001), and physical health (β = -0.32; p = 0.01) at 1 year. CONCLUSIONS: Catastrophizing behavior patterns and depressive symptoms are associated with more severe pain and worse function after traumatic lower extremity injury. Cognitive and behavioral strategies that have proven effective for chronic pain populations may be beneficial for trauma patients. Future research is needed to determine whether the early identification and treatment of subgroups of at-risk patients based on catastrophizing behavior or depressive symptoms can improve long-term outcomes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level I, prognostic study.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, the majority of research with yellow flag screening has been conducted in select patient populations (Archer et al., 2015;Beneciuk et al., 2021;Coronado et al., 2020;Leeuw et al., 2007;Van Wyngaarden et al., 2019).”
From Beyond yellow flags: The Big‐Five personality traits and psychologically informed musculoskeletal rehabilitation. (2023) · cites this paper as Archer et al., 2015
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2001) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x · Cited by 44,910
WARE, J. E., KOSINSKI, M., & KELLER, S. D. (1996) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/00005650-199603000-00003 · Cited by 17,392
Spitzer, R. L. (1999) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.282.18.1737 · Cited by 9,802
The Pain Catastrophizing Scale: Development and validation.
Sullivan, M. J. L., Bishop, S. R., & Pivik, J. (1995) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037//1040-3590.7.4.524 · Cited by 8,227
Pain assessment: global use of the Brief Pain Inventory.
Cs, C., & Km, R. (1994) · PubMed · Cited by 5,178
Fear-avoidance and its consequences in chronic musculoskeletal pain: a state of the art.
Vlaeyen, J. W. S., & Linton, S. J. (2000) · Pain · doi:10.1016/s0304-3959(99)00242-0 · Cited by 4,931
Classical and Modern Regression With Applications.
Steinhorst, R. K., & Myers, R. H. (1988) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2288958 · Cited by 3,691
The empirical status of cognitive-behavioral therapy: A review of meta-analyses
Butler, A. C., Chapman, J. E., Forman, E. M., & Beck, A. T. (2006) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.07.003 · Cited by 3,215
Fear of movement/(re)injury in chronic low back pain and its relation to behavioral performance
Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Kole-Snijders, A. M. J., Boeren, R. G. B., & van Eek, H. (1995) · Pain · doi:10.1016/0304-3959(94)00279-n · Cited by 2,446
The fear-avoidance model of musculoskeletal pain: Current state of scientific evidence
Leeuw, M., Goossens, M. E. J. B., Linton, S. J., Crombez, G., Boersma, K., & Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (2007) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-006-9085-0 · Cited by 2,261
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Kori, 1990, Kinesiophobia: a new region of chronic pain behavior., Pain Management, 3, 35
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–116 of 116
Hashimoto, R., Yamaguchi, T., Suzuki, K., 関口, 邦., Tanaka, M., Eda, K., Tomori, A., Kamahara, K., Dohi, M., Machidori, K., et al. (2025) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.86583
Early Evaluation of Psychological Factors after Traumatic Injury
Kruger, E. S., Cummings, D., Curtis, W., Shultz, C., & Wharton, M. G. (2025) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000001318
Kim, B.-J., Hwang, U., & Kwon, O.-Y. (2025) · Physical Therapy Korea · doi:10.12674/ptk.2025.32.2.172
Pozzato, I., Craig, A. R., Gopinath, B., Kifley, A., Tran, Y., Jagnoor, J., & Cameron, I. D. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.12211652
Pozzato, I., Craig, A. R., Gopinath, B., Kifley, A., Tran, Y., Jagnoor, J., & Cameron, I. D. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.12211643
Pozzato, I., Craig, A. R., Gopinath, B., Kifley, A., Tran, Y., Jagnoor, J., & Cameron, I. D. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.12211649
Pozzato, I., Craig, A. R., Gopinath, B., Kifley, A., Tran, Y., Jagnoor, J., & Cameron, I. D. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.12211658
Simske, N. M., Solarczyk, J. K., Thompson, A. R., Reider, L. M., O’Toole, R. V., Carroll, E. A., Karunakar, M. A., Obremskey, W. T., Quinnan, S. M., Reid, J. S., et al. (2026) · Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma · doi:10.1097/bot.0000000000003203
Self-citationBurton, W. M., Ma, Y., Long, C. R., McCarey, J., Vining, R., Manor, B. D., Hausdorff, J. M., Kowalski, M., & Wayne, P. M. (2026) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-026-09990-9
Sivaram, P., Guruprasad, P., Anaspure, O., Netto, C. D. C., Adams, S. B., O'Neill, C., & Anasastasio, A. T. (2026) · Journal of orthopaedic surgery · doi:10.1177/10225536261456332
Wyngaarden, J. J. V., Noehren, B. W., Auterson, C., James, B., Demers, M., Romasko, Q., Charlton, W. M., & Matuszewski, P. E. (2026) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2026.06.011
Jena, S., Singh, J., & Sidiq, M. (2026) · Sport Sciences for Health · doi:10.1007/s11332-026-01827-1
Xie, J., Chen, Y., Fan, J., Xu, J., & Zhang, Z. (2026) · BMC Surgery · doi:10.1186/s12893-026-03961-6
Günay, S. M., Sözlü, U., Güzel, N. A., & İrdesel, J. (2026) · Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation · doi:10.1177/10538127261490793
Patterns of depression screening, referral, and behavioral health follow-up after orthopaedic trauma
Reddy, S., Cahill, M., Schimizzi, G. V., Fram, B. R., Erdman, M. K., & Christiano, A. V. (2026) · Injury · doi:10.1016/j.injury.2026.113782
Metadata
- Authors
- Archer, K. R., Abraham, C. M., & Obremskey, W. T.
- Affiliations
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center (US)
- Lehigh University (US)
- Venue
- Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research
- Published
- 2015-11
- Volume
- 473
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 3519-3526
- ISSN
- 0009-921X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4586200
- OpenAlex
- W2163029039
- Cited by
- 116
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 5
- FWCI
- 4.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Pediatric Pain Management Techniques
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Bone fractures and treatments
- Keywords
- pain catastrophizing, kinesiophobia, depressive symptoms, lower limb fractures, traumatic injury, chronic pain, pain interference, physical health, post-traumatic depression
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Depression, Disability Evaluation, Fear, Female, Health Status, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Middle Aged, Pain Measurement, Prognosis, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Multivariate Analysis, Linear Models, Lower Extremity, Fractures, Bone, Catastrophization, Musculoskeletal Pain
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
