Neural circuitry and immunity
Open accessAbstract
Research during the last decade has significantly advanced our understanding of the molecular mechanisms at the interface between the nervous system and the immune system. Insight into bidirectional neuro-immune communication has characterized the nervous system as an important partner of the immune system in the regulation of inflammation. Neuronal pathways, including the vagus nerve-based inflammatory reflex, are physiological regulators of immune function and inflammation. In parallel, neuronal function is altered in conditions characterized by immune dysregulation and inflammation. Here, we review these regulatory mechanisms and describe the neural circuitry modulating immunity. Understanding these mechanisms reveals possibilities to use targeted neuromodulation as a therapeutic approach for inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. These findings and current clinical exploration of neuromodulation in the treatment of inflammatory diseases define the emerging field of Bioelectronic Medicine.
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Due to increased intestinal permeability, microbial toxins and pro-inflammatory mediators produced as a result of gut dysbiosis can leak into the circulation causing systemic inflammation, in turn destroying the blood-brain barrier and causing neuroinflammation.
“Due to increased intestinal permeability, microbial toxins and pro-inflammatory mediators produced as a result of gut dysbiosis can leak into the circulation causing systemic inflammation, in turn destroying the blood–brain barrier and causing neuroinflammation [12,64].”
From Neuroprotective Effects of Sodium Butyrate by Restoring Gut Microbiota and Inhibiting TLR4 Signaling in Mice with MPTP-Induced Parkinson’s Disease (2023) · cites this paper as [64]
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References 196 · Cited by 254
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- [37]Nakai A Hayano Y Furuta F Noda M Suzuki K Control of lymphocyte egress from lymph nodes through beta2-adrenergic receptors J Exp Med 2014 211 2583 2598 25422496 PMC4267238
- [72]Pavlov VA Tracey KJ The vagus nerve and the inflammatory reflex--linking immunity and metabolism Nat Rev Endocrinol 2012 8 743 754 23169440 PMC4082307
- Authors
- Pavlov, V. A., & Tracey, K. J.
- Affiliations
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (US)
- Corresponding author
- Pavlov, Valentin A.
- Venue
- Immunologic Research
- Published
- 2015-10-28
- Volume
- 63
- Issue
- 1-3
- Pages
- 38-57
- ISSN
- 0257-277X (ISSN-L)
- 1559-0755
- PMC
- PMC4743890
- OpenAlex
- W2206572452
- Cited by
- 254
- References
- 196
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 23
- FWCI
- 2.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Immunologic Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM089807, R01GM057226)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Vagus Nerve Stimulation Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Keywords
- neuroimmune interactions, neural circuits, inflammation, vagus nerve, cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, immune dysregulation, neuromodulation, bioelectronic medicine, autoimmune disease, inflammatory diseases
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Autoimmune Diseases, Humans, Immunity, Nerve Net, Neural Conduction, Neuroimmunomodulation, Neurogenic Inflammation, Immunomodulation, Molecular Targeted Therapy
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