Cited by 415Color perception and designPlace Attachment and Urban StudiesAesthetic Perception and Analysis

Pleasure, Arousal, Dominance: Mehrabian and Russell revisited

Open access
Bakker, Iris, van der Voordt, Theo, Vink, Peter, de Boon, Jan·2014·Current Psychology

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/s12144-014-9219-4

Cites

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Word norms provide a low dimensional proxy for emotional variation.

    “The value of word norms is that they provide a low dimensional proxy for emotional variation.”

    From Five studies evaluating the impact on mental health and mood of recalling, reading, and discussing fiction (2022) · cites this paper as [43]

    Sections 2 and 3 describe pleasure, arousal and dominance as emotional dimensions operationalized with adjectives, supporting the low-dimensional aspect of the claim. They do not establish that word norms—normative ratings of words—serve as a proxy for emotional variation; the paper discusses adjectives chiefly in relation to people's responses to physical environments. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • According to dimensional models of emotion, each discrete emotion can be represented in terms of an underlying set of finite components.

    “That is, according to dimensional models of emotion, each discrete emotion can be represented in terms of an underlying set of finite components [34, 43].”

    From Five studies evaluating the impact on mental health and mood of recalling, reading, and discussing fiction (2022) · cites this paper as [43]

    The Introduction and §3 describe pleasure, arousal and dominance as three dimensions of emotional responses and states of feeling. They support the idea of a finite set of underlying dimensions, but do not say that every discrete emotion can be represented by them; the paper focuses on environmental experience. Page numbers were not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.83)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

The citation lists haven’t been fetched yet

References 108 · Cited by 415

Research works printed but not linked: 83

  1. Allport, G.W. (1940), The Psychologist's Frame of Reference. Psychological Bulletin 37, 1-28 in
  2. Hilgard, E.R. (1980), The trilogy of mind: Cognition, affection, and conation. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 16 (2), 107-117.
  3. Ang, S.H., Leong, S.M. (1997), The mediating influence of pleasure and arousal on layout and signage effects, comparing more and less customized retail services. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 4(1), 13-24.
  4. Arifin, S., Cheung, P.Y.K. (2007), A Computation Method for Video Segmentation Utilizing the Pleasure-Arousal-Dominance Emotional Information. Proceedings of the 15th international conference on Multimedia, 68-77.
  5. Bain, A. (1864), The senses and the intellect. 2e edition; London, Logman, Green, Longman, Roberts and Green.
  6. Baker, J., Levy, M., Grewal, D. (1992), An Experimental Approach to Making Retail Store Environmental Decisions. Journal of Retailing, 68(4), 445-460.
  7. Barrett, L.F., Russell, J.A.(1998), Independence and Bipolarity in the Structure of Current Affect, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74 (4),967-984.
  8. Baumgarten, A.G. in Hilgard, E.R.(1980), The trilogy of mind: Cognition, affection, and conation. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 16 (2), 107-117.
  9. Bell, P. A., Greene, T. C., Fisher, J. D., Baum, A. (2001). Environmental psychology (5th ed.). Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt College Publishers.
  10. Bellizi, J.A., Crowley, A.E., Hasty, R.W. (1983), The Effects of Color in Store Design. Journal of Retailing, 59 (1), 21-45.
  11. Berkowitz, L. (1987), Advances in experimental social psychology, Vol 20, Academic Press Inc, London.203-251.
  12. Berleant, A. (1997), Living in the landscape: Towards an aesthetics of environment. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas.
  13. Bonnet, M., Bradley, M.M., Lang, P.J., Requin, J. (1995), Modulation of spinal reflexes: arousal, pleasure, action. Psychophysiology, 32(4), 367-372. · DOI
  14. Bradley, M.M., Greenwald, M.K., Petry, M.C.,Lang, P.J. (1992), Remembering pictures: Pleasure and arousal in memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18(2), 379-390.
  15. Bradley, M.M., Miccoli, L., Esgrig, M.A., Lang, P.J. (2008), The pupil as a measure of emotional arousal and autonomic activation. Psychophysiology, 45(4), 602-607.
  16. Breckler, S. J. (1984), Empirical validation of affect, behavior, and cognition as distinct components of attitude. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47(6), 1191-1205.
  17. Canter, D. (1969), An intergroup comparison of connotative dimensions in architecture. Environment and Behavior, 1 (1), 37-48.
  18. Chebat, J.C., Michon, R. (2003), Impact of ambient odors on mall shoppers' emotions, cognition, and spending: A test of competitive causal theories. Journal of Business Research 56, 529-539.
  19. Colomo-Palacios, Casado-Lumbreras, Ch., R., Soto-Acosta, García-Crespo, A. (2011), Using the Affect Grid to Measure Emotions in Software Requirements Engineering. Journal of Universal Computer Science, 17(9), 1281-1298.
  20. Craik, K. H. (1971). The assessment of places. In P. McReynolds (ed.), Advances in Psycho- logical Assessment, 2, 40-62. Palo Alto, Calif.: Science and Behaviour Books.
  21. Csikszentmihalyi, M., Rochberg/Halton, E. (1981), The meaning of things, Domestic symbols and the self, Cambridge University Press, page 15.
  22. De Lange, A.H., Taris, T.W., Kompier, M.A.J., Houman, I. L.D.,Bongers, P.M.(2003), The very best of the Millennium': Longitudinal research and the Demand-Control-(Support) Model. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 8, 282/305
  23. Donovan, R.J., Rossiter, J.R., Marcoolyn, G., Nesdale, A. (1994). Store atmosphere and purchasing behavior, Journal of Retailing, 70(3), 283-294.
  24. Dubé, L., Chebat, J.C., Morin, S. (1995), The effects of background music on consumers' desire to affiliate in buyer-seller interactions, Psychology & Marketing, 12(4), 305-319. · DOI
  25. Duffy, E. (1957), The psychological significance of the concept of arousal or activation. Psychological Review, 64, 265-275 in
  26. Russell, J.A., Weiss, A., Mendelsohn, G.A. (1989), Affect Grid: A Single-Item Scale of Pleasure and Arousal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(3), 493-502.
  27. Eastman, S, T.(1997), Uses of television viewing and consumer life styles: A multivariate analysis. Journal of Broadcasting, 23(4), 491-500.
  28. Farley, S.D., Stasson, M.F. (2003), Relative Influences of Affect and Cognition on Behavior: Are Feelings or Beliefs More Related to Blood Donation Intentions? Experimental Psychology, Vol. 50(1): 55-62.
  29. Fiedler, K. (1988), Emotional mood, cognitive style, and behavior regulation, in Fiedler, K. ,Forgas, J., (Eds.), (1988), Affect, cognition and social behavior: New evidence and integrative attempts. Toronto, Canada: Hogrefe.
  30. Fiedler, K. ,Forgas, J., (Eds.), (1988), Affect, cognition and social behavior: New evidence and integrative attempts. Toronto, Canada: Hogrefe.
  31. Floyd, M.F. (1997), Pleasure, arousal, and dominance: Exploring affective determinants of recreation satisfaction, Leisure Sciences, Leisure Sciences: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 19(2), 83-96. · DOI
  32. Gabriel, S., Gardner, WL. (1999), Are there "his" and "hers" types of interdependence? The implications of gender differences in collective versus relational interdependence for affect, behavior, and cognition.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol 77(3), 642-655.
  33. Gaillard, A.W.K. (2003), Stress, productiviteit en gezondheid, second edition, Uitgeverij Nieuwezijds, Amsterdam.
  34. Gerdes, K.E., Stromwall L.K. (2008), Conation: a missing link in the strengths perspective. Soc Work, 53(3):233-42.
  35. Gifford, R. (2001), Environmental psychology, principles and practice. Allyn and Bacon, third edition, Boston.
  36. Ha, Y., Lennon, S.J. (2010), Online Visual Merchandising (VMD) Cues and Consumer Pleasure and Arousal: Purchasing versus Browsing Situation. Psychology & Marketing, 27(2), 141-165.
  37. Harding, J., Kutner, B., Proshansky, H.,CHEIN, I. Prejudice and ethnic relations. In Ostrom, T. M. (1969). The relationship between the affective, behavioral, and cognitive components of attitude. .Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 5(1), 12-30.
  38. Hilgard, E.R.(1980), The trilogy of mind: Cognition, affection, and conation. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 16 (2), 107-117.
  39. Hyun, S.S., Wansoo, K., Myong J.J. (2011), The impact of advertising on patrons' emotional responses, perceived value, and behavioral intentions in the chain restaurant industry: The moderating role of advertising-induced arousal. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 30(3), 689-700.
  40. Isen, A.M. (1987), Positive affect, Cognitive processes, and social behavior in Berkowitz, L. (1987), Advances in experimental social psychology, Vol 20, Academic Press Inc, London.203-251.
  41. Ittelson, W.H. (1973), Environment and Cognition, Seminar Press, Oxford, England.
  42. Johnson, J.V., Hall, E.M. (1988), Job strain, workplace social support, and cardiovascular disease: a cross sectional study of a random sample of the Swedish working population. American Journal of Public Health, 78, 1336-1342.
  43. Jorgensen, B.S., Stedman, R.C.(2001), Sense of Place an Attitude: Lakeshore owners attitudes toward their properties. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 21(3), 233-248.
  44. Kandel, E.R,. Schwartz, J.H., Jessell, Th.M. (2000), Principles of Neural Science, The MacGraw-Hill Companies, Fourth Edition, United State of America, 414, 982-986.
  45. Kaplan, R., Kaplan, S., Ryan, R.L. (1998), With people in mind: Design and management of everyday nature. Washington, DC: Island Press.
  46. Ostrom, T. M. (1969). The relationship between the affective, behavioral, and cognitive components of attitude. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 5,(1) 12-30.
  47. Kay, R.H.(1993), An Exploration of Theoretical and Practical Foundations for Assessing Attitudes Toward Computers: The Computer Attitude Measure (CAM). Computers in Human Behavior, 9 (4), 371-386.
  48. Knopf, R. (1987), Human behavior, cognition, and affect in the natural environment in Stokols, D., Altman, I.(1987), Handbook of environmental psychology., New York: Wiley.
  49. Kuppens, P. (2008), Individual differences in the relationship between pleasure and arousal. Journal of Research in Personality, 42(4), 1053-1059.
  50. Laroche, M., Teng, L., Michon, R., Chebat, J.C.(2005), Incorporating service quality into consumer mallshopping decision making: a comparison between English and French Canadian consumers. Journal of Services Marketing, 19(3), 157-163.
  51. Lin, I.Y. (2010), The interactive effect of Gestalt situations and arousal seeking tendency on customers' emotional responses: matching color and music to specific servicescapes. Journal of Services Marketing, 24 (4),294 -304.
  52. Lindsley, D. B. (1951), Emotion, in Russell, J.A., Weiss, A., Mendelsohn, G.A. (1989), Affect Grid: A Single-Item Scale of Pleasure and Arousal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, no 3, 493- 502.
  53. Mattila, A.S., Wirtz, J. (2001), Congruence of scent and music as a driver of in-store evaluations and behaviour. Journal of Retailing, 77 (2), 273-289.
  54. Mattila, A.S., Wirtz, J. (2006), Arousal expectations and service evaluations. International Journal of Service Industry Management, 17 (3), 229-244.
  55. Menon, S., Kahn, B. (2002), Cross-category effects of induced arousal and pleasure on the Internetshopping experience. Journal of Retailing, 78 (1), 31-40.
  56. Morris, J. D., Woo, C., Geason, J. A., & Kim, J. (2002). The power of affect: Predicting intention. Journal of Advertising Research, 42(3), 7-18.
  57. Morrison,M., Gan, S., Dubelaar, Ch., Oppewal, H. (2011), In-store music and aroma influences on shopper behavior and satisfaction. Journal of Business Research 64 (6), 558-564.
  58. Osgood, Ch., Suci, G.J., Tannenbaum, P.H. (1957), The measurement of meaning, University of Illinois Press, Urbana, Chigago and London, 36, 38, 62, 63, 149, 185, 186, 325.
  59. Osgood, Ch. E. (1963), Part four, Psychological approaches, Semantic Differential Technique in the Comparative Study of Cultures. American Anthropologist, 66 (3), 171-200.
  60. Ostrom, T. M. (1969). The relationship between the affective, behavioral, and cognitive components of attitude. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 5 (1), 12-30.
  61. Penz, E., Hogg, M.K.(2011), The role of mixed emotions in consumer behavior Investigating ambivalence in consumers' experiences of approach-avoidance conflicts in online and offline settings. European Journal of Marketing, 45 (1/2), 104-132.
  62. Polivy , P. (1998), The Effects of Behavioral Inhibition: Integrating Internal Cues, Cognition, Behavior, and Affect, Psychological Inquiry: An International Journal for the Advancement of Psychological Theory, Vol 9(3), 181-204.
  63. Reisenzein, R. (1994), Pleasure-Arousal Theory and the Intensity of Emotions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67 (3), 525-539.
  64. Russell, J.A., Lanius, U.F. (1984), Adaptation level and the affective appraisal of environments. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 4(2) 119-135.
  65. Russell, J.A., Pratt, G.(1980), A description of the affective quality attributed to environments Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38(2), 311-322.
  66. Russell, J.A., Ward, L.M. Pratt, G.(1981), Affective Quality Attributed to Environments A Factor Analytic Study. Environment and Behavior, 13 (3), 259-288.
  67. Russell, J.A., Weiss, A., Mendelsohn, G.A. (1989), Affect Grid: A Single-Item Scale of Pleasure and Arousal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57 (3), 493-502.
  68. Ryu, K., Jang, S.(2007), The effect of environmental perceptions on behavioural intentions through emotions: the case of upscale restaurants. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 31(1), 65-72.
  69. Sno H.N. (2008), The psychiatric assessment and mental status examination from an EBM perspective. Tijdschrift Psychiatrie, 50(6), 353-8.
  70. Smith, M. B. (1947). The personal setting of public opinions: A study of attitudes toward Russia. Public Opinion Quarterly, 11, 507-523 in
  71. Kay, R.H.(1993), An Exploration of Theoretical and Practical Foundations for Assessing Attitudes Toward Computers: The Computer Attitude Measure (CAM). Computers in Human Behavior; 9 (4), 371-386.
  72. Solomon, L.N. (1954), A factorial study of the meaning of complex auditory stimuli, Unplublished doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois in Mehrabian, A., Russell, J.A. (1974), An Approach to Environmental Psychology, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, United States of America, 216-217.
  73. Stokols, D., Altman, I.(1987), Handbook of environmental psychology , New York: Wiley.
  74. Thompson, L., Fine, G.A.(1999), Socially Shared Cognition, Affect, and Behavior: A Review and Integration, Pers Soc Psychol Rev , Vol 3(4), 278-302
  75. Tucker, W.T. (1955), Experiments in aesthetic communications. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois in Mehrabian, A., Russell, J.A. (1974), An Approach to Environmental Psychology, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, United States of America, 216-217.
  76. Van Hagen, M., Galetzka, M, Pruyn, A., Peters J. (2009), Effects of Colour and Light on Customer Experience and Time Perception at a virtual Railway Station, Proceedings Experiencing Light 2009; International Conference on the Effects of Light on Wellbeing; 137-145.
  77. Wilson, T.D., Lisle, D. J., Kraft, D., Wetzel, Ch. G. (1989), Preferences as expectation-driven inferences: Effects of affective expectations on affective experience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(4), 519-530.
  78. Wirtz, J., Mattila, A.S.,Tan, R.L.P.(2000), The Moderating Role of Target-Arousal on the Impact of Affect on Satisfaction-An Examination in the Context of Service Experiences. Journal of Retailing, 76(3), 347-365.
  79. Wolff, Ch. in Hilgard, E.R.(1980), The trilogy of mind: Cognition, affection, and conation. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 16(2), 107-117.
  80. Wu, Ch.S., Cheng, F,F, Yen, D.C.(2008), The atmospheric factors of online storefront environment design: An empirical experiment in Taiwan. Information and Management, 45 (7), 493-498.
  81. Yani-de-Soriano M.M., Foxall G.R. (2006), The emotional power of place: the fall and rise of dominance in retail research, J of Retailing and Consumer Services 13(6):403-416.
  82. Zajonc, R.B. (1980), Feeling and Thinking, Preferences Need No Inferences. American Psychologist, 35 (2), 151-175
  83. Zajonc, R.B. and Markus, H. (1984), Affect and cognition: the hard interface, in Izard, C.E., Kagan, J., Zajonc, R.B. Emotions, Cognition, and Behavior, Cambridge University Press, 17, 73-102.

Authors
Bakker, I., van der Voordt, T., Vink, P., & de Boon, J.
Affiliations
Delft University of Technology (NL)
Corresponding author
Bakker, Iris
Venue
Current Psychology
Published
2014-06-11
Volume
33
Issue
3
Pages
405-421
ISSN
  • 1046-1310 (ISSN-L)
  • 1936-4733
OpenAlex
W2008264338
Cited by
415
References
108
Citations by year
2026: 36 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 55 · 2022: 79 · 2021: 59 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 1
FWCI
7.42
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Current Psychology (publishedVersion)
  • Research Repository (Delft University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
  • Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Color perception and design
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Place Attachment and Urban Studies
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Aesthetic Perception and Analysis
Keywords
pleasure, arousal, dominance, environmental perception, environmental experience, ABC model of attitudes, emotional responses, cognitive responses, conative response, physical environment, 3D model, environmental psychology

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review