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The major volatile compound 2-phenylethanol from the biocontrol yeast, Pichia anomala, inhibits growth and expression of aflatoxin biosynthetic genes of Aspergillus flavus
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus is a ubiquitous saprophyte that is able to produce the most potent natural carcinogenic compound known as aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). This toxin frequently contaminates crops including corn, cotton, peanuts, and tree nuts causing substantial economic loss worldwide. Consequently, more than 100 countries have strict regulations limiting AFB1 in foodstuffs and feedstuffs. Plants and microbes are able to produce volatile compounds that act as a defense mechanism against other organisms. Pichia anomala strain WRL-076 is a biocontrol yeast currently being tested to reduce AF contamination of tree nuts in California. We used the SPME-GC/MS analysis and identified the major volatile compound produced by this strain to be 2-phenylethanol (2-PE). It inhibited spore germination and AF production of A. flavus. Inhibition of AF formation by 2-PE was correlated with significant down regulation of clustering AF biosynthesis genes as evidenced by several to greater than 10,000-fold decrease in gene expression. In a time-course analysis we found that 2-PE also altered the expression patterns of chromatin modifying genes, MYST1, MYST2, MYST3, gcn5, hdaA and rpdA. The biocontrol capacity of P. anomala can be attributed to the production of 2-PE, which affects spore germination, growth, toxin production, and gene expression in A. flavus.
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“2-phenylethanol was identified as the key component of the P. anomala volatilome preventing spore germination, mycelial growth and toxin production by Aspergillus flavus (Hua et al. 2014).”
From Biocontrol yeasts: mechanisms and applications (2019) · cites this paper as Hua et al. 2014
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Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 1
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Metadata
- Authors
- Hua, S. S. T., Beck, J. J., Sarreal, S. B. L., & Gee, W.
- Affiliations
- Agricultural Research Service (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hua, Sui Sheng T.
- ORCID
- Beck, John J.
- Venue
- Mycotoxin Research
- Published
- 2014-02-07
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 71-78
- ISSN
- 0178-7888 (ISSN-L)
- 1867-1632
- OpenAlex
- W2113340002
- Cited by
- 181
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 4
- FWCI
- 14.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Mycotoxin Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Agriculture
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Mycotoxins in Agriculture and Food
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology › Microbial Natural Products and Biosynthesis
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant Pathogens and Fungal Diseases
- Keywords
- 2-phenylethanol, Wickerhamomyces anomalus, Aspergillus flavus, aflatoxin biosynthesis, aflatoxin B1, biocontrol yeast, volatile compounds, spore germination inhibition, gene expression regulation, chromatin modifiers, GCN5, mycotoxin reduction
- MeSH terms
- Aflatoxins, Antifungal Agents, Aspergillus flavus, Phenylethyl Alcohol, Pichia, Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal, Gene Expression Profiling, Biosynthetic Pathways, Volatile Organic Compounds
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