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Cited by 148Salivary Gland Disorders and FunctionsHead and Neck Cancer StudiesSalivary Gland Tumors Diagnosis and Treatment

Salivary Biomarkers for Detection of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Current State and Recent Advances

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Yakob, Maha, Fuentes, Laurel, Wang, Marilene B., Abemayor, Elliot, Wong, David T.W.·2014·Current Oral Health Reports
DOI 10.1007/s40496-014-0014-yPMC PMC4037864
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Abstract

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common malignant neoplasm of the oral cavity. Detection of OSCC is currently based on thorough clinical oral examination combined with biopsy for histological analysis. Most cases of OSCC are not detected until the cancer has developed into advanced stages; thus, a reliable early stage diagnostic marker is needed. This literature review presents an overview of the status of current advances in salivary diagnostics for OSCC. Though many protein and mRNA salivary biomarkers have been identified that can detect OSCC with high sensitivity and specificity, the most discernable findings occur with the use of multiple markers. Studies that incorporate proteomic, transcriptomic, and potentially additional "omics", including methylomics, need to be initiated to bring technology to clinical applications and allow the best use of saliva in diagnosing OSCC.

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  • The miR-21 sensing approach has been applied to salivary samples from 20 oral cancer patients, achieving a diagnostic sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 85%.

    “This sensing approach has been successfully applied to salivary samples from 20 oral cancer patients, achieving a diagnostic sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 85%.”

    From Polydopamine-Based Biomaterials in Oral Medicine: Applications, Mechanisms, and Translational Challenges (2026) · cites this paper as [19]

    The Concluding remarks and areas for further research (page unavailable) describe an oral-cancer salivary sensor with approximately 90% sensitivity, but it detects IL-8 mRNA and protein, not miR-21. The passage does not report 20 patients or 85% specificity; it gives approximately 90% specificity instead. (LLM, conf=0.83)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The recovered fluorescence intensity exhibits a logarithmic linear relationship with miR-21 concentration over the range of 10 aM to 1 pM.

    “The recovered fluorescence intensity exhibits a logarithmic linear relationship with miR-21 concentration over the range of 10 aM to 1 pM.”

    From Polydopamine-Based Biomaterials in Oral Medicine: Applications, Mechanisms, and Translational Challenges (2026) · cites this paper as [19]

    The Transcriptomics section discusses salivary microRNAs but gives no fluorescence measurements for miR-21. The Concluding remarks describe an electrochemical sensor for IL-8, not a logarithmic fluorescence response from 10 aM to 1 pM. Searches for those terms found no passage supporting the claimed relationship; page numbers were unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.75)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • PDA films adsorb FAM-labeled probes complementary to miR-21, resulting in a fluorescence quenching efficiency of 96%.

    “PDA films are first used to adsorb FAM-labeled probes complementary to miR-21, resulting in a fluorescence quenching efficiency of 96%.”

    From Polydopamine-Based Biomaterials in Oral Medicine: Applications, Mechanisms, and Translational Challenges (2026) · cites this paper as [19]

    The Concluding remarks section discusses an electrochemical salivary biosensor, while the References list studies of salivary microRNAs. Neither passage addresses PDA films, FAM-labeled probes complementary to miR-21, or 96% fluorescence quenching; searches for those terms and polydopamine found no supporting passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • In vitro tumor cell studies and selected animal tumor models support NIR-mediated photothermal therapy, drug loading, controlled release, and chemo-photothermal synergistic effects for PDA-based oral tumor therapy.

    “In vitro tumor cell studies and selected animal tumor models support NIR-mediated photothermal therapy, drug loading, controlled release, and chemo-photothermal synergistic effects.”

    From Polydopamine-Based Biomaterials in Oral Medicine: Applications, Mechanisms, and Translational Challenges (2026) · cites this paper as [19]

    The Metabolomics section discusses salivary analytes for detecting oral cancer, while the References section includes work on salivary diagnostic nanosensors. Neither addresses PDA-based tumor therapy. Searches for photothermal therapy, drug loading, controlled release, polydopamine, and animal tumor models found no supporting passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.77)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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References 101 · Cited by 148

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Authors
Yakob, M., Fuentes, L., Wang, M. B., Abemayor, E., & Wong, D. T. W.
Affiliations
University of California, Los Angeles (US)
Corresponding author
Wong, David T.W.
ORCID
Venue
Current Oral Health Reports
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2014-03-21
Volume
1
Issue
2
Pages
133-141
ISSN
2196-3002 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1007/s40496-014-0014-y
PMC
PMC4037864
OpenAlex
W2073072876
Cited by
148
References
101
Citations by year
2026: 11 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 2
FWCI
10.00
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations
  • Current Oral Health Reports (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health (UH2TR000923)
  • National Cancer Institute (R01CA139596, R21CA126733)
  • National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (R56DE023241, R01DE017170, R01DE017593, U01DE017593)
  • National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Salivary Gland Disorders and Functions
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Otorhinolaryngology › Head and Neck Cancer Studies
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Salivary Gland Tumors Diagnosis and Treatment
Keywords
oral squamous cell carcinoma, salivary biomarkers, early cancer detection, saliva diagnostics, protein biomarkers, mRNA biomarkers, proteomics, transcriptomics, DNA methylation, oral cancer screening

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