The DOI matches its Crossref record; 104 of the 104 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Eras and Trends of Automatic Short Answer Grading
Open accessAbstract
Automatic short answer grading (ASAG) is the task of assessing short natural language responses to objective questions using computational methods. The active research in this field has increased enormously of late with over 80 papers fitting a definition of ASAG. However, the past efforts have generally been ad-hoc and non-comparable until recently, hence the need for a unified view of the whole field. The goal of this paper is to address this aim with a comprehensive review of ASAG research and systems according to history and components. Our historical analysis identifies 35 ASAG systems within 5 temporal themes that mark advancement in methodology or evaluation. In contrast, our component analysis reviews 6 common dimensions from preprocessing to effectiveness. A key conclusion is that an era of evaluation is the newest trend in ASAG research, which is paving the way for the consolidation of the field.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
A Coefficient of Agreement for Nominal Scales
Cohen, J. (1960) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/001316446002000104 · Cited by 42,398
BLEU: a method for automatic evaluation of machine translation
Papineni, K., Roukos, S., Ward, T., & Zhu, W.-J. (2001) · Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics - ACL '02 · doi:10.3115/1073083.1073135 · Cited by 21,344
Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions
Fleiss, J. L., Levin, B., & Paik, M. C. (2003) · Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics · doi:10.1002/0471445428 · Cited by 18,646
The WEKA data mining software: an update
Hall, M., Frank, E., Holmes, G., Pfahringer, B., Reutemann, P., & Witten, I. H. (2009) · ACM SIGKDD Explorations Newsletter · doi:10.1145/1656274.1656278 · Cited by 17,750
Breiman, L. (1996) · Machine Learning · doi:10.1007/bf00058655 · Cited by 16,325
(2004) · Cited by 9,718
Cohen, J. (1992) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.112.1.155 · Cited by 8,771
Weighted kappa: nominal scale agreement provision for scaled disagreement or partial credit
Cohen, J. (1968) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0026256 · Cited by 8,736
A revision of bloom's taxonomy: an overview
Krathwohl, D. R. (2002) · Theory Into Practice · doi:10.1207/s15430421tip4104_2 · Cited by 8,132
The proof and measurement of association between two things
Spearman, C. (1904) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1412159 · Cited by 8,039
Cited by
An automated essay scoring systems: a systematic literature review
Ramesh, D., & Sanampudi, S. K. (2022) · Artificial Intelligence Review · doi:10.1007/s10462-021-10068-2 · Cited by 550
McGrath, C., Cerratto Pargman, T., Juth, N., & Palmgren, P. J. (2023) · Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2023.100139 · Cited by 195
Automatic question generation and answer assessment: a survey
Das, B., Majumder, M., Phadikar, S., & Sekh, A. A. (2021) · Research and Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning · doi:10.1186/s41039-021-00151-1 · Cited by 123
An AI-Based System for Formative and Summative Assessment in Data Science Courses
Vittorini, P., Menini, S., & Tonelli, S. (2021) · International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education · doi:10.1007/s40593-020-00230-2 · Cited by 105
LLM-based automatic short answer grading in undergraduate medical education
Grévisse, C. (2024) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-024-06026-5 · Cited by 93
Metadata
- Authors
- Burrows, S., Gurevych, I., & Stein, B.
- Venue
- International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education
- Published
- 2014-10-23
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 60-117
- ISSN
- 1560-4292 (ISSN-L)
- 1560-4306
- OpenAlex
- W1967082761
- Cited by
- 461
- References
- 104
- FWCI
- 44.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The Eras and Trends of Automatic Short Answer Grading. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1007/s40593-014-0026-8
- The paper
- Burrows, S., Gurevych, I., & Stein, B. (2015). The Eras and Trends of Automatic Short Answer Grading. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-014-0026-8
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
