CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 32Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removalHeavy Metal Pollution RemediationHeavy metals in environment

Bacillus subtilis as an effective tool for bioremediation of lead, copper and cadmium in water

Open access
Rocco, Debora H. E., Freire, Bruna Moreira, Oliveira, Thais Jardim, Alves, Patricia Lius Melo, de Oliveira Júnior, José Martins, Batista, Bruno Lemos, Grotto, Denise, Jozala, Angela Faustino·2024·Discover Applied Sciences
DOI 10.1007/s42452-024-06101-y
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Bioremediation is a promising technique for the removal and recovery of contaminated areas, which is based on the ability of organisms to convert toxic substances into less harmful or inert compounds. Here, we evaluate the capacity of the Bacillus subtilis (BS) bacteria to bioadsorved heavy metals such as lead (Pb), copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) in water samples. Water samples were laboratory contaminated Pb at 500 ppm, Cu and Cd at 100 ppm. First, the growth curve of BS was plotted using Tryptone Soy Broth (TSB) at 100% (TSB 100 ) and 33% (TSB 33 ). Later, BS was studied in water containing all three metals separately and simultaneously. All solutions were stirred at 150 rpm, 35 ℃ for periods that ranged from 1 to 144 h. The heavy metal analyses were performed by X-ray fluorescence and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. The results showed that BS was resistant to Cu, Cd and Pb in water, with active multiplication and reduction in the concentration of the metals. The highest removal efficiency, in the presence of each heavy metal, reached 100% with Pb, 92.3% with Cd and 89% with Cu. In the solution with the mixture of heavy metals, Cd and Pb levels reduced significantly. However, the mixture of metals negatively affected the removal of Cu. In conclusion, the implement using Bacillus- type bacteria can be efficient in the biosorption of heavy metals from aqueous solutions and can be employed as a cost-effective treatment for the bioremediation of industrial effluents and contaminated areas.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/s42452-024-06101-y

Cites

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Incomplete breakdown of PAHs by Pseudomonas spp. can result in the accumulation of benzo[a]pyrene, a known carcinogen.

    “Similarly, incomplete breakdown of PAHs by Pseudomonas spp.can result in the accumulation of benzo[a]pyrene, a known carcinogen [305,306,319].”

    From Harnessing bacterial consortia for effective bioremediation: targeted removal of heavy metals, hydrocarbons, and persistent pollutants (2025) · cites this paper as [305]

    The Discussion describes Pseudomonas biosurfactants chelating lead and cadmium, while the Introduction and results concern heavy-metal contamination and removal. Searches for benzo[a]pyrene, PAHs, and incomplete hydrocarbon breakdown found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.78)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

The citation lists haven’t been fetched yet

References 27 · Cited by 32

Research works printed but not linked: 26

  1. Gholizadeh M, Hu X. Removal of heavy metals from soil with biochar composite: a critical review of the mechanism. J Environ Chem Eng. 2021. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. jece. 2021. 105830. · DOI
  2. Sawut R, et al. Pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of heavy metals in the vegetable bases of northwest China. Sci Total Environ. 2018. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. scito tenv. 2018. 06. 034. · DOI
  3. Mitra S, et al. Impact of heavy metals on the environment and human health: novel therapeutic insights to counter the toxicity. J King Saud Univ. 2022. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. jksus. 2022. 101865. · DOI
  4. Karri V, et al. An in vitro cytotoxic approach to assess the toxicity of heavy metals and their binary mixtures on hippocampal HT-22 cell line. Toxicol Lett. 2018. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. toxlet. 2017. 10. 002. · DOI
  5. Paz-Ferreiro J, Lu H, Fu S, Méndez A, Gascó G. Use of phytoremediation and biochar to remediate heavy metal polluted soils: a review. 2014. Solid Earth. https:// doi. org/ 10. 5194/ se-5-65-2014. · DOI
  6. de Oliveira JAM, et al. Níveis de contaminação por metais pesados na área de disposição de resíduos sólidos no município de Januária-MG. Rev Gest Sust Ambiental Florianópolis. 2019. https:// doi. org/ 10. 19177/ rgsa. v8e12 019629-640. · DOI
  7. Mousavi SM, Bahmanyar MA, Pirdashti H. Phytoavailability of Some Micronutrients (Zn and Cu), Heavy Metals (Pb, Cd), and Yield of rice affected by sewage sludge perennial application. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal. 2013. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1080/ 00103 624. 2013. 840836. · DOI
  8. Venegas A, Rigol A, Vidal M. Viability of organic wastes and biochars as amendments for the remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils. Chemosphere. 2015. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. chemo sphere. 2014. 06. 009. · DOI
  9. Freitas DA, Sousa IP, Coutinho MN, Alvarenga AC. Efeito dos metais pesados cobre e cromo no solo: germinação e desenvolvimento inicial de Myracroduon urundeuva. Braz J Anim Environ Res. 2020;3:162-71.
  10. Ikram M, et al. Bacillus subtilis: As an efficient bacterial strain for the reclamation of water loaded with textile azo dye, orange II. Int J Mol Sci. 2022. https:// doi. org/ 10. 3390/ ijms2 31810 637. · DOI
  11. Filho RL, Ferro HM, Pinho RSC. Controle biológico mediado por Bacillus subtilis. Rev Tróp Ciênc Agrár e Biol. 2010. https:// doi. org/ 10. 0000/ rtcab. v4i2. 145. · DOI
  12. Pham VHT, Kim J, Chang S, Chung W. Bacterial biosorbents, an efficient heavy metals green clean-up strategy: prospects, challenges, and opportunities. Microorganisms. 2022. https:// doi. org/ 10. 3390/ micro organ isms1 00306 10. · DOI · Paper page
  13. Al-gheethi A, Mohamed R, Noman E, Ismail N, Kadir OA. Removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions using Bacillus subtilis biomass pre-treated by supercritical carbon dioxide. Clean: Soil, Air, Water. 2017. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1002/ clen. 20170 0356. · DOI
  14. Oves M, Khanm MS, Zaidim A, Ahmadm E. Soil contamination, nutritive value, and human health risk assessment of heavy metals: an overview. Toxic Heavy Metals Legumes Bioremediation. 2012. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1007/ 978-3-7091-0730-0_1. · DOI
  15. Nnaji ND, Onyeaka H, Miri T, et al. Bioaccumulation for heavy metal removal: a review. SN Appl Sci. 2023. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1007/ s42452-023-05351-6. · DOI
  16. Poles AA Jr, et al. Study of the elemental composition of saliva of smokers and nonsmokers by X-ray fluorescence. Appl Radiat Isot. 2016. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. aprad iso. 2016. 09. 007. · DOI
  17. Pedron T, et al. Essential and non-essential elements in Brazilian infant food and other rice-based products frequently consumed by children and celiac population. J Food Compos Anal. 2016. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. jfca. 2016. 04. 005. · DOI
  18. Xu X, et al. Recovery of gold from electronic wastewater by Phomopsis sp. XP-8 and its potential application in the degradation of toxic dyes. Bioresour Technol. 2019. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. biort ech. 2019. 121610. · DOI
  19. Mohsin MZ, Omer R, Huang J, Mohsin A, Guo M, Qian J, Zhuang Y. Advances in engineered Bacillus subtilis biofilms and spores, and their applications in bioremediation, biocatalysis, and biomaterials. Synth Syst Biotechnol. 2021;6(3):180-91. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. synbio. 2021. 07. 002. · DOI
  20. Zhao P, et al. Capability of Bacillus subtilis to remove Pb 2+ via producing lipopeptides. Sci Total Environ. 2020. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. scito tenv. 2020. 138941. · DOI
  21. Zhao X, et al. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles and its contribution to the capability of Bacillus subtilis to deal with polluted waters. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2019. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1007/ s00253-019-09880-2. · DOI
  22. Abdel-Monem MO, Al-Zubeiry AHS, Al-Gheethi AAS. Biosorption of nickel by Pseudomonas cepacia 120S and Bacillus subtilis 117S. Water Sci Technol. 2010. https:// doi. org/ 10. 2166/ wst. 2010. 198. · DOI
  23. Syed S, Chinthala P. Heavy metal detoxification by different Bacillus species isolated from solar salterns. Scientifica. 2015. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1155/ 2015/ 319760. · DOI
  24. de Alencar FLS, Navoni JA, do Amaral VS. The use of bacterial bioremediation of metals in aquatic environments in the twenty-first century: a systematic review. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2017. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1007/ s11356-017-9129-8. · DOI
  25. Kara KA, et al. The investigation of bioremediation potential of Bacillus subtilis and B. thuringiensis isolates under controlled conditions in freshwater. Arch Microbiol. 2021. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1007/ s00203-021-02187-9. · DOI
  26. Ravindran A, et al. Revealing the efficacy of thermostable biosurfactant in heavy metal biorremediation and surface treatment in vegetables. Front Microbiol. 2020. https:// doi. org/ 10. 3389/ fmicb. 2020. 00222. · DOI

Authors
Rocco, D. H. E., Freire, B. M., Oliveira, T. J., Alves, P. L. M., de Oliveira Júnior, J. M., Batista, B. L., Grotto, D., & Jozala, A. F.
Affiliations
  • Universidade de Sorocaba (BR)
  • Universidade Federal do ABC (BR)
ORCID
Venue
Discover Applied Sciences
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2024-08-05
Volume
6
Issue
8
ISSN
3004-9261 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1007/s42452-024-06101-y
OpenAlex
W4401335460
Cited by
32
References
27
Citations by year
2026: 19 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 1
FWCI
3.49
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Discover Applied Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Research Square (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (305815/2023-7)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Heavy Metal Pollution Remediation
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Heavy metals in environment
Keywords
Bacillus subtilis, bioremediation, heavy metal biosorption, lead removal, copper removal, cadmium removal, contaminated water, metal mixtures, industrial wastewater treatment

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review