Cited by 97Hate Speech and Cyberbullying DetectionSpam and Phishing DetectionSentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining

An application to detect cyberbullying using machine learning and deep learning techniques

Open access
Raj, Mitushi, Singh, Samridhi, Solanki, Kanishka, Selvanambi, Ramani·2022·SN Computer Science

Abstract

Nowadays, a lot of people indulge themselves in the world of social media. With the current pandemic scenario, this engagement has only increased as people often rely on social media platforms to express their emotions, find comfort, find like-minded individuals, and form communities. With this extensive use of social media comes many downsides and one of the downsides is cyberbully. Cyberbullying is a form of online harassment that is both unsettling and troubling. It can take many forms, but the most common is a textual format. Cyberbullying is common on social media, and people often end up in a mental breakdown state instead of taking action against the bully. On the majority of social networks, automated detection of these situations necessitates the use of intelligent systems. We have proposed a cyberbullying detection system to address this issue. In this work, we proposed a deep learning framework that will evaluate real-time twitter tweets or social media posts as well as correctly identify any cyberbullying content in them. Recent studies has shown that deep neural network-based approaches are more effective than conventional techniques at detecting cyberbullying texts. Additionally, our application can recognise cyberbullying posts which were written in English, Hindi, and Hinglish (Multilingual data).

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/s42979-022-01308-5

Cites

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Raj et al. [152] found their combined CNN and Bi-LSTM method outperformed CNN+Bi-GRU and Bi-LSTM+Bi-GRU with an accuracy score of 95% on real-time Twitter posts.

    “Raj et al. [152] combined CNN and Bi-LSTM to classify cyberbullying in real-time posts on Twitter. For the experimental analysis, they employed two other combinations of deep learning models: CNN + Bi-GRU, and Bi-LSTM + Bi-GRU. Experimental results show that their proposed method outperformed the other two combinations in terms of an accuracy score of 95%.”

    From A Review on Deep-Learning-Based Cyberbullying Detection (2023) · cites this paper as [152]

    Results and Discussion (page not provided) reports that CNN+BiLSTM outperformed CNN+BiGRU and BiLSTM+BiGRU, with 0.9512 accuracy after tuning. But Proposed Methodology says the evaluation used compiled open-source datasets, while Highlights describes real-time posting on a Twitter-like prototype; the paper does not establish that the 95% result was obtained on real-time posts on Twitter itself. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Several studies present performance evaluation of different hybrid deep-learning-based approaches.

    “In the literature, there are several studies that also present the performance evaluation of different hybrid deep-learning-based approaches [66,115,151,152].”

    From A Review on Deep-Learning-Based Cyberbullying Detection (2023) · cites this paper as [152]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

The citation lists haven’t been fetched yet

References 25 · Cited by 97

Authors
Raj, M., Singh, S., Solanki, K., & Selvanambi, R.
Affiliations
Vellore Institute of Technology University (IN)
Corresponding author
Selvanambi, Ramani
Venue
SN Computer Science
Published
2022-07-26
Volume
3
Issue
5
Pages
401-401
ISSN
2661-8907 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W4288035141
Cited by
97
References
25
Citations by year
2026: 12 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 3
FWCI
6.99
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • SN Computer Science (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Spam and Phishing Detection
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining
Keywords
cyberbullying detection, online harassment, social media, Twitter, multilingual text classification, Hindi, Hinglish, English language, deep neural network

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review