The efficacy of breathing retraining and the centrality of hyperventilation in panic disorder: a reinterpretation of experimental findings
Abstract
The present paper addresses de Ruiter, Rijken, Garssen, and Kraaimaat's (Behaviour Research and Therapy, 27, 647-655, 1989) interpretation of data pertaining to the efficacy of breathing retraining in the treatment of panic disorder. The proffered reinterpretation of these data makes it clear that breathing retraining led to a significant reduction in the frequency of panic attacks. These findings thus lend additional support to the central role of hyperventilation in primary panic attacks.
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The usual instruction to breathe slowly can actually lead to decreases in pCO2, probably because of deeper individual breaths stimulated by feelings of suffocation.
“That such training will result in higher levels of pCO2 cannot be taken for granted, since the usual instruction to breathe slowly can actually lead to decreases in pCO2 (Meuret et al., 2003; Ley, 1991), probably because of deeper individual breaths (higher tidal volumes) stimulated by feelings of suffocation.”
From Feedback of end-tidal pCO2 as a therapeutic approach for panic disorder (2008) · cites this paper as Ley, 1991
Cites
Blood, breath and fears: A hyperventilation theory of panic attacks and agoraphobia
Ley, R. (1985) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(85)90008-x · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Self-citationde Ruiter, C., Rijken, H., Kraaimaat, F., & Garssen, B. (1989) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(89)90148-4 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
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Virtual reality therapy for anxiety disorders: Advances in evaluation and treatment.
Wiederhold, B. K., & Wiederhold, M. D. (2005) · doi:10.1037/10858-000 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Feedback of end-tidal pCO2 as a therapeutic approach for panic disorder
Meuret, A. E., Wilhelm, F. H., Ritz, T., & Roth, W. T. (2008) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2007.06.005 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Pham, Q., Khatib, Y., Stansfeld, S., Fox, S., & Green, T. (2016) · Games for Health Journal · doi:10.1089/g4h.2015.0033 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Breathing Training for Treating Panic Disorder: Useful Intervention or Impediment?
Meuret, A. E., Wilhelm, F. H., Ritz, T., & Roth, W. T. (2003) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445503256324 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Changes in respiration mediate changes in fear of bodily sensations in panic disorder
Meuret, A. E., Rosenfield, D., Hofmann, S. G., Suvak, M. K., & Roth, W. T. (2009) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.08.003 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Meuret, A. E., Wolitzky-Taylor, K. B., Twohig, M. P., & Craske, M. G. (2012) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2011.08.002 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“That is, the slowing of respiratory rate, one of the core techniques of traditional BRT, can lead to compensatory deeper breathing that perpetuates/exacerbates hyperventilation in persons with PD/A (Conrad et al., 2007; Ley, 1991; Meuret et al., 2003, 2008).”
BackgroundBreathwork Interventions for Adults with Clinically Diagnosed Anxiety Disorders: A Scoping Review
Banushi, B., Brendle, M., Ragnhildstveit, A., Murphy, T., Moore, C., Egberts, J., & Robison, R. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13020256 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Davies, C. D., & Craske, M. G. (2014) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.06.003 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
- Authors
- Ley, R.
- Affiliations
- State University of New York (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ley, Ronald
- Venue
- Behaviour Research and Therapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1991
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 301-304
- ISSN
- 0005-7967 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1969094700
- Cited by
- 49
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 7.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Behaviour Research and Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- breathing retraining, hyperventilation, panic disorder, panic attacks, treatment efficacy
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety Disorders, Behavior Therapy, Breathing Exercises, Combined Modality Therapy, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Hyperventilation, Panic
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