The DOI matches its Crossref record; 4 of the 4 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Worry and the incubation of intrusive images following stress
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of post-event processing on intrusive images following exposure to stress. It was hypothesized that ruminative activity, especially verbal worry about a stressor leads to an incubation of intrusions. Five groups which differed in the use of post-event processing strategies were used to test for a hypothesized co-joint mechanism underlying the effect. Worrying about a stressor for a period of 4 min after exposure led to significantly more intrusions in the next 3 days than a settle-down control condition. The strategies of imaging about the stressor, distraction, and worrying about usual concerns, produced a significant incremental linear pattern of intrusions across these groups. The pattern of results was as predicted by a co-joint model in which incubation results from 'tagging' of memories and blocked emotional processing. The clinical implications of these findings are briefly discussed.
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In the citing paper
“Similarly, worrying causes an incubation of negative thought intrusions (Borkovec et al., 1983; Butler, Wells, & Dewick, 1995; Wells & Papageorgiou, 1995; York et al., 1987).”
From A novel theory of experiential avoidance in generalized anxiety disorder: A review and synthesis of research supporting a contrast avoidance model of worry (2011) · cites this paper as Wells & Papageorgiou, 1995
In the citing paper
“Following exposure to stress, brief periods of induced worrying have been shown to be associated with an increase in intrusive thoughts over three days (Butler, Wells, & Dewick, 1995;Wells & Papageorgiou, 1995).”
From Metacognitive Theory and Therapy for Worry and Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Review and Status (2010) · cites this paper as Wells & Papageorgiou, 1995
Citations
Cites
Development and validation of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire
Meyer, T. J., Miller, M. L., Metzger, R. L., & Borkovec, T. D. (1990) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(90)90135-6 · Cited by 5,099
Rachman, S. (1980) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(80)90069-8 · Cited by 657
Wells, A., & Davies, M. I. (1994) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)90168-6 · Cited by 640
Qualitative dimensions of normal worry and normal obsessions: A comparative study
Wells, A., & Morrison, A. P. (1994) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)90167-8 · Cited by 180
Research works printed but not linked: 9
- Borkovec, 1990, The nature of worry in generalized anxiety disorder: A predominance of thought activity, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28, 153, 10.1016/0005-7967(90)90027-G · DOI · Paper page
- Fenigstein, 1975, Public and private self-consciousness: Assessment and theory, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 43, 522, 10.1037/h0076760 · DOI
- Foa, 1986, Emotional processing of fear: exposure to corrective information, Psychological Bulletin, 99, 20, 10.1037/0033-2909.99.1.20 · DOI · Paper page
- Rachman, 1980, Emotional processing, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 18, 51, 10.1016/0005-7967(80)90069-8 · DOI · Paper page
- Richardson, 1977, Verbaliser-visualiser: A cognitive style dimension, Journal of Mental Imagery, 1, 109
- Wegner, 1987, Paradoxical effects of thought suppression, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5, 5, 10.1037/0022-3514.53.1.5 · DOI · Paper page
- Wells, 1991, Effects of dispositional self-focus, appraisal and attention instructions on responses to a threatening stimulus, Anxiety Research, 3, 291, 10.1080/08917779108248758 · DOI
- Wells, 1994, A multi-dimensional measure of worry: Development and preliminary validation of the Anxious Thoughts Inventory, Anxiety, Stress and Coping, 6, 289, 10.1080/10615809408248803 · DOI
- Wells, 1993, Imagery and core beliefs in health-anxiety: Content and origins, Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 21, 265, 10.1017/S1352465800010511 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Constructive and unconstructive repetitive thought
Watkins, E. R. (2008) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.134.2.163 · Cited by 2,421
“Study 3: After trigger, aggression in RUM no rum, no difference if no trigger Ciesla & Roberts (2007) Study 1: negative mood induction, followed by notask delay period; 126 u/g’s; Study 2: negative mood induction, then RUM vs. DIS; 132 u/g’s BDI, MAACL, RSQ, RSS, RSE, DAS, ASQ Study 1: RT predicted post-delay dysphori…”
BackgroundInfluentialMeasuring experiential avoidance: A preliminary test of a working model
Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K., Wilson, K. G., Bissett, R. T., Pistorello, J., Toarmino, D., Polusny, M. A., Dykstra, T. A., Batten, S. V., Bergan, J., et al. (2004) · The Psychological Record · doi:10.1007/bf03395492 · Cited by 2,140
Repetitive Negative Thinking as a Transdiagnostic Process
Ehring, T., & Watkins, E. R. (2008) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1521/ijct.2008.1.3.192 · Cited by 1,172
(2002) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1046/m.1365-2850.2002.00006.x · Cited by 1,143
“In a recent attempt to abbreviate cognitive therapy for social phobia, Wells and Papageorgiou (2000b) used empirical data on the effects of attention manipulations, and the theoretical basis of the S-REF model to abbreviate treatment. The new form of brief treatment retains exposure experiments and video feedback tech…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationRepetitive negative thinking as a transdiagnostic process
Ehring, T., & Watkins, E. (2008) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1680/ijct.2008.1.3.192 · Cited by 1,141
Metadata
- Authors
- Wells, A., & Papageorgiou, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Liverpool (GB)
- Venue
- Behaviour Research and Therapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1995-06
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 579-583
- ISSN
- 0005-7967 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2014438097
- Cited by
- 229
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 4.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Behaviour Research and Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- intrusive memories, worry, rumination, post-event processing, stress, memory tagging, distraction
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety, Female, Humans, Imagination, Internal-External Control, Male, Middle Aged, Personality Inventory, Stress, Psychological
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