Before the Glass-Steagall Act: An analysis of the investment banking activities of national banks
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Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Relatively fewer universal banks failed during the Great Depression.
“Universal banks were not more risky than stand-alone commercial banks and relatively fewer failed during the Great Depression (White, 1986).”
From Lessons from the Great American Real Estate Boom and Bust of the 1920s (2009) · cites this paper as White, 1986
Universal banks were not more risky than stand-alone commercial banks.
“Universal banks were not more risky than stand-alone commercial banks and relatively fewer failed during the Great Depression (White, 1986).”
From Lessons from the Great American Real Estate Boom and Bust of the 1920s (2009) · cites this paper as White, 1986
Cited by
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The great reversals: the politics of financial development in the twentieth century
Rajan, R. G., & Zingales, L. (2003) · Journal of Financial Economics · doi:10.1016/s0304-405x(03)00125-9 · Cited by 3,327 · see citing works
Lessons from the Great American Real Estate Boom and Bust of the 1920s
White, E. (2009) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w15573 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- White, E. N.
- Affiliations
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
- Corresponding author
- White, Eugene Nelson
- ORCID
- White, Eugene Nelson
- Venue
- Explorations in Economic History
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1986-01
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 33-55
- ISSN
- 0014-4983 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2012007226
- Cited by
- 202
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 9.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Explorations in Economic History (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Finance › Banking stability, regulation, efficiency
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Historical Economic and Social Studies
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Accounting › Corporate Insolvency and Governance
- Keywords
- bank failures, financial crisis, national banks, investment banking, Glass-Steagall Act, balance sheet composition, leverage, deposit attraction, branching, international banking, interlocking directorates, corporate governance, bank distress
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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