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Mechanism of molybdenum removal from the sea and its concentration in black shales: EXAFS evidence
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“in the presence of abundant (10 -3 -10 -4 M) free hydrogen sulfide, Mo is converted to a series of particle-reactive thiomolybdates and is efficiently removed from seawater (the so-called Mo”
From Trace elements at the intersection of marine biological and geochemical evolution (2016) · cites this paper as Helz et al., 1996
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“Under euxinic conditions molybdate anions are converted to particle-reactive thiomolybdates, hence allowing for burial of Mo in the sediments [Helz et al., 1996].”
BackgroundFranz, M., Kaiser, S. I., Fischer, J., Heunisch, C., Kustatscher, E., Luppold, F. W., Berner, U., & Röhling, H. (2015) · Global and Planetary Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2015.09.014 · Cited by 47
Rare-earth elements in the Permian Phosphoria Formation: Paleo proxies of ocean geochemistry
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“Molybdenum, present under oxic and suboxic conditions as MoO4 2 , is reduced possible to MoS under anoxic conditions with its removal from the water column possibly a function of the concentration of H2S (Helz et al., 1996; Piper, 2001).”
BackgroundMarine Chemistry of the Permian Phosphoria Formation and Basin, Southeast Idaho
Piper, D. Z. (2001) · Economic Geology · doi:10.2113/96.3.599 · Cited by 47
Jilbert, T., Reichart, G., Mason, P. R. D., & de Lange, G. J. (2010) · Paleoceanography · doi:10.1029/2010pa001955 · Cited by 48
“This appears to be particularly important for Mo; the oxyanion MoO4 2− undergoes rapid transformation to particle‐reactive oxythiomolybdates during reaction with HS−, a phenomenon known as the “sulfide switch” [Helz et al., 1996].”
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In situ pore water sampling in deep intertidal flat sediments
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Redox chemistry of molybdenum in natural waters and its involvement in biological evolution
Wang, D. (2012) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2012.00427 · Cited by 51
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“…et al., 1996; 1999) and the presence of minor amounts of sulfide in the water column (Reed et al., 2011) act as a prerequisite for Mo scavenging from the water column (Algeo & Lyons, 2006; Algeo & Maynard, 2004; Algeo & Rowe, 2012; Helz et al., 1996; Tribovillard et al., 2006; Zheng et al., 2000).”
BackgroundRedox conditions and trace metal cycling in coastal sediments from the maritime Antarctic
Monien, P., Lettmann, K., Monien, D., Asendorf, S., Wölfl, A., Lim, C., Thal, J., Schnetger, B., & Brumsack, H. (2014) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2014.06.003 · Cited by 41
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“Samples were then crushed to flour in a tungsten carbide grinding container, which does not introduce substantial contamination for the elements of interest (Hickson and Juras, 1986, Sperling et al., 2013b).”
Methodvan Helmond, N. A. G. M., Jilbert, T., & Slomp, C. P. (2018) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2018.06.028 · Cited by 45
Redox dynamics of later Cambrian oceans
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“The sulphidic ocean might have induced an acute shortage of redox-sensitive bio-limiting trace metals like Cu, Mo, Cd and Zn in the water column by removing them onto sediments (Lewis & Landing, 1992; Helz et al. 1996; Anbar & Knoll, 2002).”
BackgroundA new analytical approach to determining Mo and Re speciation in sulfidic waters
Vorlicek, T. P., Chappaz, A., Groskreutz, L. M., Young, N., & Lyons, T. (2015) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2015.03.003 · Cited by 28
“As sulfide accumulates in the water column or sediments, sulfur substitutes progressively for oxygen in geochemically inert MoO4, leading to reactive tetrathiomolybdate (MoS4) by way of transient thiomolybdate intermediates (MoOxS4 − x 2− ) (Helz et al., 1996; Erickson and Helz, 2000).”
BackgroundThe effect of a thiol-containing organic molecule on molybdenum adsorption onto pyrite
Freund, C., Wishard, A., Brenner, R., Sobel, M., Mizelle, J., Kim, A., Meyer, D., & Morford, J. (2016) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2015.11.015 · Cited by 31
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“Molybdenum behaviour in sedimentary pore waters is linked to the presence of hydrogen sulphide that causes a speciation change from oxidized Mo to reduced thiomolybdate, which can be much more readily deposited either on organic species, or be incorporated and co-precipitated by iron sulphides (Helz et al., 1996).”
BackgroundRedox evolution during Eemian and Holocene sapropel formation in the Black Sea
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Increase of seawater Mo inventory and ocean oxygenation during the early Cambrian
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“On the other hand, Mo is rapidly removed in sulfidic environments, due to the transformation of soluble molybdate to particle-reactive thiomolybdates (MoO4-xSx 2 , 1 < x < 4) in the water column and below the sediment–water interface (Helz et al., 1996; Erickson and Helz, 2000).”
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New Applications of Trace Metals as Proxies in Marine Paleoenvironments
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“H2S concentrations> 11 μmol (Action Point of Switch (APS) of Erickson and Helz, 2000) stabilize tetrathiomolybdate MoS4 relative to other oxythiomolybdate species (Helz et al., 1996; Erickson and Helz, 2000), and are considered to bring about near complete scavenging of Mo.”
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“Under anoxic conditions, Mo can be reduced either from the +6 oxidation state to insoluble MoS2 – this process is known to occur only under extremely reducing conditions such as hydrothermal and/or diagenesis (Dahl et al., 2010; Helz et al., 1996) – or be converted to particle-reactive thiomolybdates (Vorlicek and Hel…”
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Molybdenum, Silver, Thallium and Vanadium
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The impact of postdepositional alteration on iron- and molybdenum-based redox proxies
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Separation of Molybdenum from Tungstate Solution—Scavenging Thiomolybdate by Copper Compound
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Sediment profiles of less commonly determined elements measured by Laser Ablation ICP-MS
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Tracing Molybdenum Attenuation in Mining Environments Using Molybdenum Stable Isotopes
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“Tetrathiomolybdate (MoS42−) is immobilized through adsorption onto mineral phases and organic substrates and eventually becomes buried to the sediment repository (Helz et al., 1996; Tribovillard et al., 2004).”
BackgroundInfluentialElemental settling and burial fluxes in the Cariaco Basin
Calvert, S., Piper, D. Z., Thunell, R., & Astor, Y. (2015) · Marine Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2015.10.001 · Cited by 26
“Following extensive experimental research and observations of marine and lacustrine systems, Mo removal from solution under anoxic conditions has been postulated to be controlled by the conversion of inert MoO4 to particle-reactive thiomolybdates (MoOxS4 − x 2− ), which may then be scavenged from solution by Fe sulphi…”
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Martinez, P., Bertrand, P., Calvert, S. E., Pedersen, T. F., Shimmield, G. B., Lallier-Vergès, É., & Fontugne, M. (2000) · Journal of Marine Research · doi:10.1357/002224000321358927 · Cited by 33
The Re/Mo redox proxy reconsidered
Helz, G. R. (2021) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2021.10.029 · Cited by 32
Distribution and mobility of geogenic molybdenum and arsenic in a limestone aquifer matrix
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“Marine sediments are known to accumulate Mo in organic matter (e.g., Tribovillard et al., 2004) and in pyrite (e.g., Helz et al., 2011, 1996).”
BackgroundMolybdenum isotope fractionations observed under anoxic experimental conditions
Brucker, R. L. P., McManus, J., & Poulton, S. (2012) · GEOCHEMICAL JOURNAL · doi:10.2343/geochemj.1.0167 · Cited by 27
“Furthermore, laboratory experiments have demonstrated sorption of Mo–sulfides to pyrite, and this sorption results in the formation of a Mo–Fe–S cubane structure (Helz et al., 1996; Bostick et al., 2003; Vorlicek et al., 2004; Xu et al., 2006).”
BackgroundSansjofre, P., Trindade, R. I. F., Ader, M., Soares, J. L., Nogueira, A. C. R., & Tribovillard, N. (2013) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2013.11.004 · Cited by 32
Harita, Y., Hori, T., & Sugiyama, M. (2005) · Limnology and Oceanography · doi:10.4319/lo.2005.50.2.0636 · Cited by 35
“MoS is easily224 moved into the sediment phase by adsorption onto particles such as pyrite (Helz et al. 1996).”
BackgroundRedox control on the tungsten isotope composition of seawater
Kurzweil, F., Archer, C., Wille, M., Schoenberg, R., Münker, C., & Dellwig, O. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · doi:10.1073/pnas.2023544118 · Cited by 28
He, T., Li, W.-H., Lu, S.-F., Pan, W., Ying, J., Zhu, P., Yang, E., Wang, X., Zhang, B.-S., & Sun, D. (2022) · Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.petrol.2021.109384 · Cited by 32
Trace element profiles in sediments as proxies of dead zone history; rhenium compared to molybdenum.
Helz, G., & Adelson, J. (2013) · Environmental Science and Technology · doi:10.1021/es303138d · Cited by 31
Chen, Y., Huo, G., Guo, X., & Chen, J. (2025) · Hydrometallurgy · doi:10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106455 · Cited by 32
Chen, R., Sharma, S., Bank, T. L., Soeder, D. J., & Eastman, H. (2015) · Applied Geochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2015.01.001 · Cited by 31
“The enrichment of Mo is usually associated with sulfate reduction under anoxic conditions because Mo content is directly controlled by availability of dissolved sulfide (Helz et al., 1996).”
BackgroundFranchi, F., Rovere, M., Gamberi, F., Rashed, H., Vaselli, O., & Tassi, F. (2017) · Marine and Petroleum Geology · doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2017.05.031 · Cited by 31
“In well-oxygenated water Mo behaves conservatively, whereas it normally enriches within organic matter and iron sulfides under anoxic conditions (Helz et al., 1996; Neubert et al., 2008; Algeo and Tribovillard, 2009).”
BackgroundKipp, M. A., Algeo, T. J., Stüeken, E. E., & Buick, R. (2019) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2019.12.016 · Cited by 33
“This suggests that Se was 769 being reductively immobilized at relatively high redox potentials, similar to nitrate reduction but 770 above the redox potential at which Mo is efficiently scavenged (cf. Helz et al., 1996), impeding 771 quantitative removal of aqueous Mo to the sediment.”
BackgroundChang, C., Hu, W.-X., Fu, Q., Cao, J., Wang, X.-L., & Yao, S. (2016) · Journal of Asian Earth Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2016.05.014 · Cited by 31
Cui, M.-M., Luther, G., & Gomes, M. (2021) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2020.12.007 · Cited by 22
Chen, H., Tang, D., Chen, S.-D., & Tang, S. (2021) · International Journal of Coal Geology · doi:10.1016/j.coal.2021.103904 · Cited by 26
Safety Case for the Disposal of Spent Nuclear Fuel at Olkiluoto
Ervanne, H., Hakanen, M., & Puukko, E. (2014) · Cited by 30
Li, M., Chen, J., Wang, T., Zhong, N., & Shi, S. (2018) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.03.032 · Cited by 30
Geochemical environment of the Coniacian–Santonian western tropical Atlantic at Demerara Rise
März, C., Beckmann, B., Franke, C., Vogt, C., Wagner, T., & Kasten, S. (2008) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.05.004 · Cited by 30
Dynamic redox and nutrient cycling response to climate forcing in the Mesoproterozoic ocean
Song, Y., Bowyer, F. T., Mills, B. J. W., Merdith, A., Wignall, P. B., Peakall, J., Zhang, S., Wang, X., Wang, H., Canfield, D. E., et al. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-41901-7 · Cited by 31
Dynamic evolution of the Ediacaran ocean across the Doushantuo Formation, South China
Han, T., & Fan, H.-F. (2015) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2015.09.021 · Cited by 28
Metadata
- Authors
- Helz, G. R., Miller, C. V., Charnock, J. M., Mosselmans, J. F. W., Pattrick, R. A. D., Garner, C. D., & Vaughan, D. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- Daresbury Laboratory (GB)
- University of Manchester (GB)
- Venue
- Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1996-10
- Volume
- 60
- Issue
- 19
- Pages
- 3631-3642
- ISSN
- 0016-7037 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2042505381
- Cited by
- 921
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 28 · 2025: 46 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 65 · 2022: 52 · 2021: 69 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 48 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 56 · 2016: 43 · 2015: 50 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 41 · 2012: 29
- FWCI
- 5.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta (publishedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Geochemistry and Elemental Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Radiation › X-ray Spectroscopy and Fluorescence Analysis
- Keywords
- molybdenum removal, black shales, molybdenum speciation, MoS2, humic acid, sulfidic waters, hydrogen sulfide, molybdenum oxidation state
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