An attack on the Needham-Schroeder public-key authentication protocol
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Agent communication protocols may also be susceptible to classical communication-layer attacks such as downgrade and replay attacks.
“An important, but not commonly emphasized, aspect of secure protocols is that that agent communication protocols may also be susceptible to classical communication-layer attacks (e.g., downgrade and replay attacks (Needham & Schroeder, 1978;Lowe, 1995;Bhargavan et al., 2014;Google, 2014)).”
From Open Challenges in Multi-Agent Security: Towards Secure Systems of Interacting AI Agents (2025) · cites this paper as Lowe, 1995
Cites
A method for obtaining digital signatures and public-key cryptosystems
Rivest, R. L., Shamir, A., & Adleman, L. (1978) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/359340.359342 · Cited by 13,462 · see citing works
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Lightweight Mutual Authentication for IoT and Its Applications
Li, N., Liu, D., & Nepal, S. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Computing · doi:10.1109/tsusc.2017.2716953 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Open Challenges in Multi-Agent Security: Towards Secure Systems of Interacting AI Agents
de Witt, C. S., Krawiecka, K., Krawczuk, I., Hagag, B., Anderson, W. L., Belcak, P., Bucknall, B., Cai, X., Chopra, A., Cohen, D., et al. (2025) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2505.02077 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- Lowe, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Lowe, Gavin
- ORCID
- Lowe, Gavin
- Venue
- Information Processing Letters
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1995-11
- Volume
- 56
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 131-133
- ISSN
- 0020-0190 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2169908972
- Cited by
- 647
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 34
- FWCI
- 9.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Information Processing Letters (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › Advanced Authentication Protocols Security
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Cryptography and Data Security
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Control and Systems Engineering › Smart Grid Security and Resilience
- Keywords
- Needham-Schroeder protocol, public key authentication, impersonation attacks, key distribution, cryptographic protocol security
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